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\  READER  FOR  FOREIGNERS 


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TiiK  m:\v 


AAIKIMCAA     CITIZEN 


.1  iiEADKii  ro/i  ron/'jcx/'Jis 


r.v 
FKAXCES  SANKSTONE    MIN TZ 

AVON    AV1;N1K    I'VV    si  IIMor.     VM>    ISTII    AVKNL'E    evknimi    scihxil 

III-    NKWAKK,     N.J. 


Xcuj  l]ori; 
THE    MACMILLAN    COMPANY 

r.'i:; 

All  ri{/ht»  rfxfrrtd 


Copyright,  1909, 

Bt  the  macmillan  company. 


Set  up  and  electrotyped.     Published  June,  iqog       Reprinted 
October,  1909  ;  January,  1910;  January,  December,  1911; 
August,  igi2  ;  January,  1913. 


Nortoooli  J3rpB8 

J.  S.  Gushing  Co.  —Berwick  &  Smith  Co. 

Norwood,  Mass.,  U.S.A. 


\A 


■^-n 


VnVAWVE 

To  find  suital)U'  readiii;^-  innttcr  for  adult 
toix'ii;!!  ])ii|tils  ill  t'veiiiiig-  .schools  has  al\\a\s 
IxHMi  difficidt.  The  ordinarv  first  and  second 
readers  used  in  (hiy  schools,  which  are  mostly 
intended  for  children,  contain  as  a  I'lde  little 
material  of  a  kind  to  interest  older  ])ersons. 
Either  the  ideas  themselves  are  juvenile  or  the 
vocal )ularv  not  the  most  suitable  to  the  needs 
of  gTown-n))  ])n|)ils. 

The  ])urj)ose  of  the  author  has  l)een  to  ])re- 
])are  a  series  of  read  in  l;-  lessons  suitahlc  for 
adult  learners  and  which  should  ]ia\e  ])atri(»t- 
isni  as  their  kevnote.  Love  of  conntrv  is  an 
almost  Tnii\ersal  sentiment,  and  one  that  ap- 
peals strongly  to  the  class  of  ])npils  ^vho  make 
uj)  the  attendance  in  our  evening  schools  for 
foreigners. 

To  base  a  series  of  lessons,  as  some  have 
attempted,    u])on     occupations,    for    instance, 


vi  PREFACE 

would  be  pedagogically  sound  provided  all 
pupils  were  equally  interested  in  other  occupa- 
tions than  their  own,  which  is  not  the  case. 

To  introduce,  also,  as  soon  as  practicable, 
vocabularies  variant  to  some  extent  from  the 
words  commonly  used  in  daily  experience  is 
believed  to  be  of  advantage ;  for  thereby  the 
feeling  of  growth  and  mastery  of  language  is 
developed.  Such  feeling  ^^ill  incite  to  the 
independent  reading  of  books.  The  difficulty, 
heretofore,  has  been  t(^  find  an  emotional  basis, 
universal  in  its  appeal  and  sufficiently  strong 
to  command  the  interest  of  adult  pupils  of  all 
ages  and  nationalities.  The  appeal  of  patriot- 
ism furnishes  the  true  emotional  basis. 

The  author  has  had  an  exceptional  oppor- 
tunity as  a  teacher  of  foreign  adult  classes  in 
the  citv  of  Newark,  New  Jersev,  to  test  thor- 
ouo-hlv  the  material  contained  in  this  reader. 
It  will  be  found  in  practice  best  fitted  for  those 
Avho  have  had  a  few  weeks  of  instruction  in 
reading  by  means  of  the  oral  and  blackboard 
method  in  general  use. 

Addiso:n^  B.  Poland. 


TO    rill-:  YorN(J   mi:n  and  \\<)Mi:x  tx  ovn 

EVENING    SCHOOlvS    Wllo     Ai;!:     IJ-AKMNG 
TO    READ    AND    Wlil  FE 

Nk\vai:i\,  Ni:\\'  .Ti:i;si:v, 
.May  1,  I'.MC). 

Dear  Pi  imls: 

To  Icani  to  read  and  t<»  write  I'JiLilisli  is 
not  liard  for  onr  wlio  is  w  illiiiLi,-  to  work.  'I'o 
learii  aii\'  new  language  takes  time;  it  takes 
etiort  also.  Tt  is  not  an  easy  matter  for  one 
to  ii'ive  nn  liis  eveiiin<>-s  in  order  t<>  ^o  to 
school  lUit  it  is  worth  all  tlie  time  and  etiort 
it  takes.  One  who  can  read  finds  u'reat  dv- 
Hji'ht  in  books.  He  can  fmd  out  for  himself 
without  aid  many  things  tliat  one  wlio  cannot 
read  nmst  l)e  i^-norant  of  all  his  hfe.  r>ooks 
are  our  friends.  Ther  are  men  and  women 
who  speak  to  us.  Some  of  these  men  and 
women  are  h\inL2,',  while  others  are  dead.  io 
read  what  they  ha\'e  written  is  to  know  them 
and  to  enjov  their  com})any.  Indeed,  wlien 
we   read   we   mav    select    our    own    eomnanv. 

vii 


viii  TO   THE   YOUNG   MEN   AND   WOMEN 

Kings  and  princes  if  we  wish ;  statesmen, 
priests,  and  poets ;  those  who  have  told  the 
story  of  nations ;  in  fact,  there  is  no  end  of 
the  company  we  may  keep.  The  whole  world 
and  its  people  are  an  open  book  to  one  who 
has  once  learned  to  read,  for  he  has  the  key 
to  nnlock  all  its  treasures  and  mysteries. 

There  is  still  another  reason  why  all  should 
learn  to  read  and  to  write  English  who  expect 
to  live  in  this  country.  America  lias  always 
been  the  home  of  liberty-loying  men  and 
women  from  all  countries  of  Europe.  There 
is  work  here  for  eyery  one  to  do,  and  all  are 
welcome.  But  one  who  can  read  and  write 
has  a  better  chance  in  life  eyen  in  free  America  ; 
he  can  do  more  kinds  of  work  and  higher  kinds 
of  Avork.  Besides,  eyery  one  in  our  country 
is  a  ruler,  —  not  a  king,  but  a  ruler.  He  helps 
make  all  the  laws  ;  he  helps  to  elect  the  mayor 
of  our  city,  the  goyernor  of  our  state,  and  the 
President  of  our  nation.  How  important  it 
is,  then,  that  one  who  wields  such  great  power 
should  be  able  to  read  and  write. 


TO    THE    YOUNG    MKX    AND    WO.MKN  ix 

I  ui'oc  voii  all,  tliLTuloiX',  not  uiih  lur  \(jiir 
own  good,  l)nt  for  your  coinitry'.s  good,  to 
attend  scliool,  ^^■ol•k  linril,  and  learn  both  to 
read  and  to  write  English. 

AVitli  l)est  wishes  for  yonr  sneeess,  F  am, 
ISineerelv  vours, 

Addison  !>.   I/oland, 

Cltu  Suprriiitcii(l(uL 


COXTKXTS 


History  and  BiocaiAriiv. 
Christopher  Coluiiilms    . 
Settlement  of  Virginia   . 
Settlement  of  Xew  York 
How  Pennsylvania  was  Foumled 
The  Pilgrims  .... 
The  Lamliiig  of  tlio  Pilgrims 
The  Story  of  Thanksgiving    . 


Thanksgiving  Dav. 


The  Revolntionary  War. 

The  Canse 

The  Beginning 

The  Colonists  declare  themselves  Indepe 

Washington's  Christinas  Gift 

Battle  of  Saratoga  .... 

Battle  of  Yorktowii 

The  Kiid  ...... 

George  Washington         .... 

Progress  and  Growth  of  the  United  States 

Abraliain  Lincoln 

The  Civil  War 

Civics  and  Patriotism. 

Our  Government     ..... 

The  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 
PreamHe  ..... 

The  Three  Departments  of  Government 

Why  we  need  a  Government . 

Naturalization 

Cities. 

A  Model  City  and  how  it  is  Governed 
Protection  of  Cities  .         .        • 


nden 


PAG  I 

1 

G 
10 
1.') 

in 

•20 
'2i 


28 

;jo 
:i'2 
:J5 
:\7 
:J9 
41 
\-2 
4G 

57 
G3 


G.'i 
GG 
G7 

71 

82 
67 


xii                                      CONTENTS 

# 

PAGB 

Our  Country's  Flag 

.      89 

Flag  of  the  Free 

.       92 

Geography. 

City  of  Washington 

.      94 

New  York  City 

.       98 

The  Metropolis  of  the  West 

.     104 

A  Visit  to  Boston 

.     112 

New  Orleans 

.     118 

California 

.     123 

New  Jersey 

.     125 

Health  and  Sanitation, 

Treatment  of  Tuberculosis . 

.     129 

How  to  keep  Well  and  prevent  Consumption 

.     133 

Stories  and  Anecdotes. 

The  Courageous  Travelei's 

.     135 

The  Bell  of  Justice 

.     135 

The  Hare  and  the  Tortoise     ...... 

.     138 

The  Ant  and  the  Grasshopper 

.     139 

The  Little  Match  Girl.     I 

.     141 

The  Little  Match  Girl.     II 

.     144 

Miscellaneous. 

Three  Great  Inventions. 

The  Telegraph 

.     147 

The  Telephone 

..... 

.     150     \ 

Wireless  Telegraphy 

..... 

.     1.50 

Thomas  A.  Edison  . 

..... 

.     152 

Trades  and  Occupations  in  th 

e  United  States. 

The  Merchant . 

.         .         .        .         • 

.     155 

Manufacturing 

•         .         ■         .         . 

.     156 

Paper  Making. 

.     157 

A  Straw  Hat    . 

.     159 

A  Shoe  Factory 

.         •         .         •         • 

.     161 

Commerce 

.     163 

Farming  . 

.     164 

Mining     . 

..«*•• 

.     166 

Coal  . 

•         •        •         <         • 

.     167 

Iron  . 

.•.*•• 

.     169 

Steel . 

•        «.•.• 

.    169 

CONTENTS 


Xlll 


Gold  iuid  Silver 
Lead . 
Copper 
A  Lessou  about  Coffee    . 
The  Seasons    . 
Poetical  Sklpxtioxs. 

The  Bhie-bells  of  Scotland 

Woodman,  Spare  that  Tree 

The  Months     . 

"No  Man  is  l)orn  into  tliis  \Vorldl 

Jerusalem  the  Goldfu 

The  Wise  Fairy 

Those  Evening  Bells 

Rest 

The  Hemlock  Tree  . 

The  Arrow  and  the  Song 

The  Fall  of  the  Curtain  . 
Nat  I  ox  A  I,  Songs. 

National  Songs  of  the  United  States 

The  Star-spangled  Banner 

America  .... 

Hail,  Columbia 

The  Red,  White,  and  Blue 

Salute  to  the  Flag    . 
Austrian  National  Hj'mn 
German  National  Hymn 
Norwegian  National  Hymn    . 
National  Hymn  of  Holland    . 
National  Hymn  of  Sweden     . 


VM.K 

171 
17  J 
171 
17.5 
ISO 

ISO 

is;5 
184 
18.5 
186 
186 
188 

ISO 

mo 

lilO 
1!»1 


in:j 

U»5 
106 
108 
200 
201 
202 
203 
204 
205 


LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIDXS 


Thf  Wliite  IIousp 

Coliiiiilms  at  the  Court  of  Qureii  Jsabflhi 

The  Fleet  of  Colunilms 

Landing  of  Columbus    .... 

Captain  John  Smith       .... 

Pocahontas  begging  the  Life  of  Captain  John  Smitli 

Henry  Hudson 

Hudson's  Ship,  the  Half  Moon,  in  the  Hudson  River 

The  Dutch  Colony  of  Xew  Amsterdam 

Peter  Stuyvesant    . 

Xew  Amsterdam     . 

AVilliam  Penn 

Penn  Treaty  Tree . 

The  Mni/jlnwfir 

Pilgrim  Exiles 

Pilgrims  going  to  Church 

Stamp  Act  Stamps 

The  Struggle  at  Concord  Bridge 

The  Battle  of  Lexington 

Thomas  Jefferson  . 

The  Spirit  of  '76    . 

Washington's  Retreat  from  Long  Islai 

AVashington  crossing  the  Delaware 

The  Surrender  of  Burgoyne  . 

The  Surrender  of  Cornwallis 

George  Washington 

Washington  resigning  his  Commission 

One  of  the  First  Railroad  Trains  . 

Traveling  on  the  Erie  Canal  about  182 

Emigrant  Wagons 

Abraham  Lincoln  .... 

Lincoln's  Birthplace 

XV 


PAliF. 

Frontispiece 


Xvi 


LIST   OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 


Lincoln  writing  by  the  Fire  . 

Fort  Sumter 

Scene  at  the  Battle  of  Gettysburg 

The  Capitol,  "Washington 

The  State  Capitol  at  Albany 

Signing  of  the  United  States  Constitution,  September 

Signing  the  Declaration  of  Independence 

City  Hall,  Newark,  N.J. 

Public  Library,  Boston,  Mass. 

City  Hall,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

A  Fire  Engine 

Precinct  Foot  Patrolman 

Insj)ector         ...... 

"  The  Flag  goes  By  "      . 

A  Soldier 

House  of  Betsey  Ross,  Arch  Street,  Philadeljihia 
Betsey  Ross's  First  Flag        .... 

The  Congressional  Library    .... 

The  State,  War,  and  Navy  Building 
Mount  Vernon        ...... 

The  Statue  of  Liberty  in  New  York  Harbor 

Brooklyn  Bridge  in  New  York  City 

View  of  Columbia  University 

A  View  in  Central  Park,  New  York 

Art  Museum,  New  York        .... 

A  Scene  at  a  Dock 

Chicago  in  1832 

One  of  the  Buildings  of  Chicago  University 

Lake  Shore  Drive,  Chicago    .... 

A  Grain  Elevator  in  Cliicago 

Cattle  in  Chicago  Stock  Yards 

Commonwealth  Avenue,  Boston    . 

The  Old  North  Church  .... 

Faneuil  Hall 

Old  State  House  in  Boston    .... 
View  from  Stock  Exchange  Building,  Boston 
Lafayette  Square,  New  Orleans     . 
Cotton  Plant 


17,1 


787 


PAfJE 

54 

59 

61 

64 

77 

79 

80 

83 

84 

85 

86 

87 

87 

89 

90 

91 

92 

95 

96 

97 

98 

99 

100 

101 

102 

103 

105 

106 

107 

108 

110 

113 

114 

115 

116 

117 

118 

119 


LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS 


xvii 


Sleeping  out  in  SmniiR-i 
-  On    the    Porch  in  Cold 


A  Cotton  Field       .... 

Bales  of  Cotton  ready  for  Sliipnicnt 

View  in  Wesllakc  Park,  Los  Angeles,  California 

Worsted  ^lills,  Passaic  . 

Weave  Room  in  a  Paterson  Silk  ^lill 

One  of  Trenton's  Many  Potteries  . 

The  State  Ca])itol  at  Trenton 

Raybrook  Sanitarium,  Adirondacks  — 

Raybrook    Sanitarium,  Adirondacks - 

AVeather  .... 

"  He  lay  down  for  a  nap" 
"  It  was  a  Warm,  Bright  Flume  " . 
Three  Great  Inventors  . 
In  a  Cotton  Mill  in  New  England 
A  ririnding  Room  in  a  Paper  ^lill 
A  Hat  Factory  —  Blocking  Hats  . 
A  Hat  Factory —  Unfinished  Hats 
In  a  Shoe  Factory  —  Leveling  the  Sole 
In  a  Shoe  Factory  —  Stitching  the  Vamp 
A  Farm  House  and  Barns 
Sorting  Corn  for  Canning  in  a  New  York  State  Factory 
A  Zinc  Mine  in  Missouri 
A  Coal  ;Mine  .... 
The  Steel  Fraine  of  a  Building 
A  Gold  Mine  .... 
Where  Coins  are  ^lade  . 
Copper  Smelting  Works 
Cotfee  Berries 
Picking  Cofi'ee 
Sorting  and  Sacking  Coffee  . 


PACE 

1-20 
iL'l 
l-Jt 
1  •_'.-) 
iJfi 

lL'7 
128 
130 

i:5« 
14:} 
149 
150 
l.-)8 

l.jy 

100 
101 
10-2 
104 
10.-) 
107 
108 
170 
171 
173 
174 
170 
177 
178 


M 


p/ 


m 


CITIZEN'S    CREED! 

We  believe  that  God  hath  made  of 
lie  blood  all  nations  of  men,  and  that 
we  are  His  children,  brothers  and  sis- 
terF-  nil.  "We  are  citizens  of  tlie  United 
States,  and  believe  our  Flag  stands  for 
self-sacrifice  for  the  good  of  all  the 
people.  We  want  to  be  true  citizens 
of  this  our  country,  and  therefore  will 
show  our  love  for  her  by  our  works. 

Our  country  does  not  a.sk  us  to  die 
for  her  welfare  ;  she  asks  us  to  live 
for  her  good,  so  to  live  and  so  to  act 
that  her  government  may  be  pure,  her 
ofBcers  honest,  and  every  home  within 
her  boundaries  be  a  place  fit  to  grow 
the  best  kind  of  men  and  women  to 
i-ule  over  her. 

Mary  E.  McDowell. 

Ailni'teil. 


*  Used  by  permission  of  the  author. 


HISTORY  AJfD   BIOGKAIMIV 


CHRISTOPHER   COLLAinUS 


The  father  of  (1irist()})luT  ( 'oluinhiis  was  a 
poor  wool-c()inl)c'r  in  (Jciioa,  Italy.  (Jciioa  is 
a  town  on  the  seashore. 

Christopher  often  made  voyages  on  sliips. 
From  hvini];  on  tlie  sea  in  tliat  Avav  lie 
o-athered  many  ideas  about  the  ditferent  lands. 

There  was  a  m-eat  deal  of  \ahiahle  trading; 
between  tlie  iMn-opean  couiitiMes  and  the  I'last 
Inches.  C'ara\ans  of  eamels  brouiiht  u'oods 
from  the  Persian  (iulf  or  the  l»ed  and  (^ispian 
seas.  Traders  then  took  the  u-oo ds  and  ear- 
ried  them  partly  by  land  and  j)artly  by  water 
to  Europe.  The  oidy  way  to  reach  the  Indies 
by  water  was  hv  sailing-  around  ^Vfriea,  and 
this  was  a  very  lono;  vovaixo.  Oohnnbus 
thouo'ht  that  he  could  tind  a  shorter  wav  to 
get  to  the  East  Indies,  so  he  persuaded  the 
Queen  of  Spain  to  fit  out  ships  for  him. 

B  1 


HISTOEY  AND   BIOGRAPHY 


CI IRISTO I' 1 1 KK  COI- UMBUS 


8 


lie  luid  tliR'c  slii[)S.  'i'licy  vv'crc  called  the 
Nliuf,  Pi /ltd,  and  tlic  Santd  Maria. 

Ill  August,  ill  the  year  1492,  lie  set  sail. 
**Tliev  will  never  euine  hack  aii-ain,"  said  the 


"^ 

|y. 

1 

V 

"i^ff 

p 

k. 

-■  -    . 

The  Fleet  of  Columbus 

wise  people  on  the  shore.      Soon   tlie   sailors 
themselves  be<j:an  to  ao-ree  with  them. 

Columl)us  still  ke])t  on.  Tie  ex])lniiiod  the 
different  signs  of  the  sea.  lie  told  them  that 
evervthinii'  would  he  all  riu'lit  if  tlie\'  ^\■()uld 
only  trust  in  (rod,  hut  thex'  were  verv  much 
afraid  they  would  ne\'er  return  alive.     They 


4  HISTORY  AND  BIOGRAPHY 

wanted   to    throw   Columbus    overboard    and 
return  liome. 

Columbus  heard  of  these  plans  and  called 
his  men  together.     He  told  them  that  with 


Landing  of  Columbus 


Vanderlyn 


the  help  of  God  they  would  surely  succeed. 

At  last  signs  of  land  began  to  appear. 
The  branch  of  a  tree  with  red  berries  floated 
by.  Birds  that  lived  onlv  on  land  flew 
about  the  ship. 

One  morning  the  crew  awoke  to  find  a 
beautiful,  glorious  island  stretched  out  before 
their  weary  eyes. 


ciii:isT()i'iii;i:  (ommiuis  6 

Culiiinbiis  laiidi'd  and  iiiit'iii'K'd  tlu'  Hag  ui' 
Si)ain.  TTc  took  ])ossessioii  of  all  in  tlie 
name  of  Ivinu;'  Ferdinand  and  (^Jiicen  Fsalx-lla. 

J^ater,    otlicr    |)i'<j|)le'    camt'   on   ^■oya<4■L'.s  ot 
dis('o\'erv.       Aniono-st     tlicni     was     AmcriLi'o 
Vespucci. 

AVlien  Vespucci  Av^ent  lionie  lu-  wrote  a 
book  al)out  the  new  counti-y.  People  soon 
called  it  America.  TTe  did  not  discover  this 
new  land,  hut  it  was  named  for  him. 

AVhere  did  ( 'In'istopher  ('ohnnhns  li\e  ? 

Who  sent  him  to  America  I 

In  what  year  did  he  (hseoxcr  America'? 

In  Avhose  name  did  he  take  possession  of 
America  I 

AVhv  did  the  people  call  this  country 
America  I 


SETTLEMENT   OF   VIRGINIA 

In  1607  the  London  Company  sent  men 
from  England  wlio  settled  where  Jamestown, 
Virgmia,  now  stands.  They  landed  hi  May, 
wliich  is  the  best  season  of  tlie  year  there. 
But  durmg  the  hot,  sultry  months  of  July 
and  August  many  people  died  of  malaria. 
This  was  due  to  the  fact  that  the  place  was 
hardly  more  than  a  swamp.         /> 

Tlie  men  in  the  colony  had  not  been  used 
to  work  in  England,  and  had  it  not  l)een  for 
the  courage  and  enterprise  of  one  man,  the 
people  in  Jamestown  would  all  have  perished. 

John  Smith  proved  to  be  the  right  man  in 
the  right  place.  Under  his  wise  management 
a  great  change  began.  He  said,  ^'  Those  that 
will  not  work  shall  not  eat."  He  helped  the 
people  in  building  their  houses,  he  taught 
them  how  to  till  the  soil,  and  he  succeeded 
in  getting  much-needed  food  from  the  Indians. 

6 


SETTLEMENT   OF  VIRGINIA 


One  day  lie  was  out  on  an  exploring'  expe- 
dition, Avlien  he  was  captiuxMl  Ijy  some  Indians. 
They  took  him  to  their  great  eh ief,  I*n\\'1intan. 
At  a  eouneil  of  war  it  was  deeided  that  Smitli 
sliouhl(he.  Poca- 
liontas,  the  daugh- 
ter of  tiie  eh  ief, 
Powliatan,  threw 
her  arms  around 
the  neek  of  -Tolni 
Smith  and  hegged 
her  father  to 
spare  Smitli's  hfe. 
Powhatan  loved 
his  daughter  vvvv 
much  and  couhl 
not  refuse  her 
wish. 

Pocahontas  continued  to  be  a  friend  to 
Smith  and  tlie  colonists.  Slie  l)rouo:ht  them 
food  to  eat  and  helped  them  in  many  ways. 
Five  years  later  she  married  an  Englishman, 
lumied  John  liolfe.      She  went  to  Enuland  to 


Captain  John  Smith 


8 


HISTORY   AND   BIOGRAPHY 


live,  but  died  there  after  a  short  time,  as  the 
chmate  was  too  severe  for  her. 


This  Picture  was  drawn  by  an  Artist  prom  Captain  Smith's 

Own  Description 

Captain  Smith  continued  to  help  and  pro- 
mote the  welfare  of  the  colony  until  one  day 


SKTTI.K.MKNT    OF    VI  K(  J I  MA  9 

lie  Wtis  woiiiitliMl  ill  the  k'g  and  had  tu  ri'tui'ii 
to  Eii<j:,land. 

After  \w  left,  the  colony  did  not  prosper  so 
well,  lie  was  rijihtlv  called  the  '' Father  of 
Virginia."  "^^riie  ])e(H)le  of  \  ii"i:iiiia  wei'e 
UTanted  a  ''(Jreat  C^harter."  Under  this  char- 
ter  the  peo})le  were  allowed  a  voice  in  niak- 
inii"  their  own  laws.  This  was  the  bejiinninji' 
of  free  a'overnnient  in  America. 


SETTLEMENT   OF  NEW   YORK 


Heis^ey  Hudson,  an  Englishman,  was  sent 
over  by  the  Dutch.  Like  Cohinibus,  he  was 
trying  to  find  a  shorter  way  to  India.  He 
did  not  find  it,  but  his  vessel  was  the  first  to 

sail  up  the  river  that 
now  bears  his  name. 
He  was  the  first  to 
sail  past  the  beauti- 
ful   Palisades   and 


Highlands. 

After  Hudson  re- 
turned to  Holland  and 
reported  the  result 
of  his  voyage,  the 
Dutch  sent  some  of 
their  people  over  to  America.  They  built 
forts  and  trading  posts  along  the  Hudson, 
and  bought  the  entire  island  of  Manhattan 
from    the    Indians    for    twenty-four   dollars. 


Henry  Hudson 


10 


skt'I't.!:mi<:nt  ok  nkw  vokk 


11 


It  Avns  tlu'ii  cnlk'd  New  Aiiisti'nlain,  atU-r  the 
citv  ot"  Amsterdam  in  Jlollaiid. 

Peter     Stiivvesant     was    one    of"    tlic     first 


Hudson's  Ship,  the  "Half  Moon,"  in  the  Hudson  River 

Dutch  governors.  Tie  was  a  man  with  a 
quick  temper  and  he  was  very  ])roud.  He 
was   harsh  and  overbearing-  at  times,  but  in 


12 


HISTOEY  AND  BIOGRAPHY 


spite    of  liis  failings  he    made   a   very  good 
governor. 

The  greatest  troubles  the  Dutch  had  were 
with  the  Indians.  He  succeeded  in  niakin<r 
the  Indians  his  friends,  and  perhaps  thereljy 


I 


The  Dutch  Colony  of  New  Amsterdam 

saved  his  colony  from  being  destroyed. 
When  a  young  man,  he  lost  a  leg  in  war. 
People  spoke  of  him  as  the  '^  Lame  Dutch 
Governor."  He  built  a  market,  and  he  ad- 
vised the  building  of  better  schools  and 
houses.  He  made  New  Amsterdam  almost 
a  model  town.  The  people  had  to  obey  the 
rules  for  the  Sabbath  very  rigidly,     But  he 


SETTLEMENT   OF   NEW    YORK 


13 


allowed  ivlijiioiis  liberty  in  tlic  colonx'.  New 
NetlierlaiRls,  as  this  eoloiix'  was  ('alle(l,  was 
very  ])r()S|)er()iis,  wlien  one  day  ii])  tlie  ri\'er 
sailed  an    MiiLi-lish  ship.      In  this  ship  was  the 


Petek  Stuyvesant 


English  Colonel  Nicolls  with  his  soldiers. 
The  shi})  was  Avell  armed,  and  Colonel  Xieolls 
ordered  the  Dnteh  to  surrender.  ^Vs  they 
had    few   firearms,    the   Duteh    saw    the    best 


14 


HISTORY   AND   BIOGRAPHY 


tiling   to    do    was    to    surrender.      This   tliey 
did  without  any  bloodshed. 

The    English   then   changed   the  name    of 


New  Amsterdam 


New  Amsterdam  to  New  York.  The  Duke 
of  York  gave  what  is  now  New  Jersey  to 
two  of  his  friends. 


now   TENNSYLVANIA   WAS   FOUNDED 

Pakt  of  New  Jersey  was  ruled  1)\'  a  elass 
ul"  people  called  tlie  (^)uakers. 

The  (^)uakers  were  A'erv  mueli  ])erseeiit('d  in 
Eii<dand.  Tliev  were  imnislu'd  f'oi-  rct'lisiiio' 
to  show  reverence  to  the  kiiijj,"  hy  i-enioxiiig 
their  hats  in  liis  ])resrnce.  They  were  per- 
secuted because  they  })reache(l  tlieir  doctrines 
whenever  they  found  an  op])ortunity.  They 
were  also  persecuted  in  some  of  the  American 
colonies  as  well  as  in  England.  One  of  the 
few  men  who  did  nnu'li  for  tliese  despised 
Quakers  was  Wilham    IVmiu. 

He  was  the  son  of  an  iMiulisli  naval  otHcer. 
Wliile  yet  in  codeu-e,  A\  iUiani  Perm  was  con- 
verted to  the  (^)iiaker  hehef  After  the  death 
of  Penn's  fbither,  he  found  himself  owner  of 
a  part  of  New  Jersey.  There  were  many 
Quakers  here,    but    Penn   thought   he  would 

16 


16 


HISTORY  AND  BIOGRAPHY 


like  to  found  a  colony  where  he  could  have 

enthe  control. 

The  king  of  England  was  greatly  in  debt 

to    Penn's   father,   so    Penn    asked    the   king 

for  a  grant  of  land 
in  America.  The 
king  was  glad  to 
pay  his  debt  in 
such  a  way.  He 
gave  Penn  the  land 
that  is  now  called 
Pennsylvania. 

Penn  carried  out 
many    of  his    own 

ideas  in  ^^l^i^^iiig 
Pennsylvania.  He 
purchased  more 
land  from  the  Swedes.  Here  he  planned  and 
laid  out  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  This  was 
to  be  the  "  city  of  brotherly  love,  the  city  of 
refuge,  the  mansion  of  freedom,  tlie  home  of 
humanitv." 

Penn   became   very  friendly  with    the    In- 


m^ 

\ 

\ 

M^ 

M 

1 

i 

1 

LJ 

M 

^ 

i 

^ 

Hi 

''y^'r^f^T^y^    , 

WK^^ 

^■fp-./ 

William  Penn 


now   TENNSYLVAMA    WAS    l-(  )|- M  )i:i) 


17 


(Hans.  He  at  once  l)r()ut^lit  al)()ut  a  nit'ctiiiji; 
witli  them,  in  Avlildi  a  treaty  of  f'ric'U(lslii|) 
Avas  arraiiu'ed.  A  lar^e  elm  tree  at  Sliaeka- 
maxoii,  \u>t  far  from  tlic  center  <»f  tlie  new- 
city,  Avas  chosen  as  tlie  place  for  tlie  meetinjj;. 


If/ 


f//////y'' 


^Mi-  ^-  •:-'-■ 


"/J<fj~^-' 


r'/y-: 


^ 


Pknn  Treaty  Thee 

Here  Penn  made  a  speech.  He  said,  ''  I 
Avill  not  call  you  cliil(h*en,  for  }»arents  some- 
times chide  their  children  too  severely;  nor 
brothers  only,  for  l)rotliers  differ.  A\'e  are 
the  same  as  if  one  man's  bodv  were  to  be 
divided  into  two  parts  ;   we  are  all  one  flesh 


18  HISTORY  AND  BIOGRAPHY 

and  blood."  The  Indians  replied,  "  We  will 
live  in  love  with  William  Penn  and  his  chil- 
dren as  long  as  the  moon  and  sun  shall 
endure." 

In  this  manner  was  established  the  colony 
of  Pennsylvania.  The  name  Penn,  in  Penn- 
sylvania, was  in  honor  of  William  Penn's 
father. 


THE   PILGRIMS 

TliK  Pilgrims  Avcre  a  l)an(l  of  people  tliat 
had  been  perseeuted  in  Eiijj^land  on  aceoiuit 
of  their  reliu'ious  beUef.      Tliev  k'ft  J'hi^»land 


The  Mayflower 

and  settled  in  Holland.  r)ut  after  some 
years  had  passed  they  deeided  to  leave  Hol- 
land   and   go    to    Anieriea.     They   hoped    in 

19 


20  HISTORY  AND  BIOGKAPHY 

America   to    build   up   a    colony  where  their 
children  would  f>;row  up  to   speak  English. 

In  the  year  1620  they  left  Holland  and 
set  sail  for  America.  They  came  over  im 
the  ship  called  the  Mcnjjiower.  The  weather 
was  very  stormy  and  they  had  a  very  rough 
passage.  Their  intention  was  to  land  at  New 
York,  but  the  higli  winds  drove  the  ship  out 
of  its  course,  and  they  landed  on  the  bleak 
shores  of  New  England. 

A  winter  in  Massachusetts  is  alwavs  rather 
severe,  and  this  was  a  [)articularly  cold  one. 
When  they  arrixed,  thev  liad  to  stav  aboard  the 
ship  for  about  a  montli,  as  tliey  were  unable 
to  do  any  work  toward  making  a  settlement. 

They  suffered  a  great  many  hardships 
during  the  lirst  winter. 

THE    LANDING   OF   THE    PILGRIMS 

The  breaking  waves  dashed  high 
On  a  stern  and  rock-bound  coast, 

And  the  woods  against  a  stormy  sky 
Their  giant  branches  tossed  ; 


Till':    IMlJilMMS 


21 


22  HISTORY  AND   BIOGRAPHY 

And  the  heavy  night  hung  dark 

The  hills  and  waters  o'er, 
When  a  band  of  exiles  moored  their  bark 

On  the  wild  New  England  shore. 

Not  as  the  conqueror  comes 

They,  the  true-hearted,  came, 
Not  with  the  roll  of  the  stirring  drums, 

And  the  trumpet  that  sings  of  fame ; 

Not  as  the  flying  come 

In  silence  and  in  fear ; 
They  shook  the  depths  of  the  desert  gloom 

With  their  hymns  of  lofty  cheer. 

Amidst  the  storm  they  sang. 

And  the  stars  heard,  and  the  sea ; 

And  the  sounding  aisles    of  the   dim  woods 
rang 
To  the  anthems  of  the  free ! 

The  ocean  eagle  soared 

From  his  nest  by  the  white  wave's  foam, 
And  the  rocking  pines  of  the  forest  roared, 

This  was  their  welcome  home ! 


Tiii:   I'lJAiiCl.MS  23 

There  were  men  witli  lionry  liair 

Amidst  that  piljj^rini  Itaiid  ; 
Whv  had  tliev  come  to  wither  there, 

Away  from  their  ehihlhood's  hind  I 

%/ 

There  was  woman's  fearless  eve, 

Lit  l)y  licr  (U'ep  h)ve's  triitli  ; 
There  was  manhood's  brow  serenely  hiiih. 

And  the  liery  heart  of  youth. 

What  sou<>-ht  they  thus  afar  ? 

Brio-ht  I'ewels  of  the  mine? 
The  wealth  of  seas,  the  si)oils  of  war  ?  — 

They  sought  a  faith's  pure  shrine. 

Ay,  call  it  holy  ground, 

The  soil  where  first  they  trod ; 
They    have    left   unstained    what    there    they 
found  — 

Freedom  to  worshi]^  God. 

—  Felicia  Dorothea  Hemaxs. 


THE    STORY    OF   THANKSGIVING 

The  winter  brought  many  hardships  to 
the  Pilgrims,  but  when  the  warm  weather 
came,  things  began  to  look  brigliter. 

They  planted  the  fields  with  corn.  They 
found  wild  strawberries  and  wild  grapes. 
In  tlie  shallow  waters  of  the  bay  there  was 
plenty  of  fish. 

The  summer  had  been  warm,  and  they  had 
plenty  of  rain,  so  when  the  autumn  came 
there  was  a  fine  cro})   of  corn. 

"  Let  us  gather  in  the  harvest  and  re- 
joice together."  the  Pilgrim  fathers  said. 
They  planned  a  celebration  for  a  whole  week. 
They  invited  the  Indians  to  their  feast. 

The  great  Indian  chief,  Massasoit,  came 
with  ninety  of  his  bravest  warriors.  They 
were  all  dressed  in  deer  skins,  feathers,  and 
fox  tails.  They  had  their  faces  painted  red 
and  yellow. 

24 


Til  10  sToijy  OF  TiiANKscnixr; 


2n 


26  HISTORY   AND   BIOGRAPHY 

The  Pilgrims  killed  wild  turkeys  and  wild 
deer,  and  tliey  baked  potatoes  and  corn  and 
had  a  real  feast.  And  you  may  be  sure  that 
they  remembered  to  give  thanks  to  God  for 
helping  them  through  the  cold  weather. 

Since  then  the  people  of  New  England 
have  celebrated  a  Thanksgiving  every  year. 
Now  nearly  all  the  states  of  the  Union  observe 
this  as  a  holiday. 


THANKSGIVING   DAY 

Over  the  river  and  through  the  wood, 
To  grandfather's  house  we  go  ; 

The  horse  knows  the  way 

To  carry  the  sleigh 
Throuo'h  the  white  and  drifted  snow. 

Over  the  river  and  through  the  wood  - 
Oh,  how  the  w^ind  does  blow ! 

It  stino-s  the  toes 

And  bites  the  nose. 
As  over  the  ground  we  go. 


THE    S'I'()K^'    (H-     rilA.\KS(il\IN(; 

Ov'tT  the  y\\vv  and  tlnoiiL-li  tlic  Wdod, 
To  li.'ixc  n  first-i'atc  play; 

1  Icar  tlir  l)i-lls  riii!^-, 

"  'I'inu'-a-liiiu-iliiiii- !  " 
Jliiri'ah  tor  TliaiiksLi,i\  iiij^-  I)a\! 

Over  the  rixcr  and  tliron^li  tin-  wood, 

Trot  fast,  my  da|)})k'-o-ray  ! 
JSpi'hig  ow'v  the  ;j:,T()imd, 
Tiike  a  huiitinix  hound  !  — 

For  this  is  Thanksji-iNin":'  l)a\'. 


27 


Over  tlie  ri\'er  and  tin*ouu'li  the  wotxh 
And  strai^'ht  throitiih  the  harnyard  ^ate ; 

We  seem  to  go 

Extremely  slow, 
It  is  so  liard  to  wait. 

Over  the  river  and  tln'ouo-h  thi^  wood, 
Now  granihnother's  eap  1  spy! 

Hurrah  for  the  fuii ; 

Is  the  pudding-  done  ? 
Hurrah  for  the  punn)kin  ])ie! 

—  IjYdia  Makia  Child. 


r^. 


lti§;45- 


THE   REVOLUTIONARY  WAR 

THE   CAUSE 

Otueii  settlements  were  made  in  America 

mitil  tliere  were  thirteen 
separate  colonies.  These 
colonies  were  under  the 
rule  of  Enghind. 

For  many  years  Eng- 
land had  l)een  oppressing 
her  colonies  greatly.  She 
had  restricted  their  com- 
merce. That  is,  they 
could  not  trade  with  any 
country  except  England. 
She  had  levied  taxes 
upon  the  colonies  and 
would  not  allow  them  to 


KENTUCKY  /j-^l_^^ 


— ^^^-'N^"tri^3^.„,>o. 


Map  of  the  Thirteen  Orig- 
inal Colonies 

(Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire,    bc  represciited  111  Parlia- 

Rhode  Island,   Connecticut,  New 

York,  New   Jersey,  Pennsylvania,       inpll'l" 

Delaware,    Maryland,    Virginia, 

North    Carolina,    South    Carolina,  A  Qfoim-k  A  n-t-        -w^na 

Georgia.)  ^       OiaUip       2\  Ct       >V  aS 


28 


Tin;    liKVOU'lloXAKV    \V.\K 


L'9 


passed,  ^riiis  law  coirininiKKMl  tlic  A  iii(ii<aii 
colonists  to  1)U\'  Miijilisli  stamps  —  sonu'tliiiiL:' 
like  the  j)osta«j;'e  stamps  wc  liaxc  ii<>\\ — ami  to 
use  these  for  maiiv  tliiiiLi's,  'I  liis  aiiLi'd'ec]  the 
colonists  to  such  an  extent  that  a  ( 'on^^ress  of 
the  ]KM)ple  met  in  New  \  oik.  1  hm  laiuhiml 
re])eale(l  tlie  Stamp  Act,  hut  put  taxes  on  many 
other  thin<j;'8,  such  as 
tea,  <^lass,  -paper,  and 
other  useful  anieles. 


"^VoJiHILWK'OS 


Stamp  Act  Stamps 


'^IVoops  w  I'l'e  sta- 
tioned in  lioston,  and 
the  colonists  were 
taxed  to  i)ay  them. 
These  troops  had  a  conflict  with  the  ])eople  and, 
as  a  result,  some  JJoston  people  were  killed. 
This  was  called  "Tlie  Boston  ^Fassacre." 

The  tax  on  tea  caused  great  discontent. 
The  peo})le  refused  to  let  the  tea  be  unloaded 
at  the  ditlerent  harhors. 

A  load  of  tea  had  landed  at  the  Boston 
harbor.  One  ni^-lit  about  tiftv  men  (jf  r)oston 
dressed  themselves  as  .Mohawk    Indians,   and 


30  HISTORY  AND   BIOGRAPHY 

boarding  the  sliip  threw  all  the  tea  mto  the 
harbor.  This  was  known  as  the  *'  Boston  Tea 
Party." 

To  punish  the  Boston-  people,  England 
closed  the  Boston  port  until  the  tea  should  be 
paid  for  and  the  people  in  better  order.  The 
whole  colony  was  then  thrown  into  great  dis- 
tress. Many  poor  people  were  witliout  em- 
ployment. The  other  colonists  were  in  deep 
sympathy  with  iMassachusetts,  and  the  result 
was  that  a  meeting  of  colonists  from  all  the 
colonies  was  held.  This  meeting,  which  united 
the  colonists  more  closely,  was  called  "  The 
First  Continental  Confess." 

THE    BEGINNING 

In  1775  English  soldiers  were  stationed  in 
Boston. 

The  Americans  had  stored  some  provisions 
and  firearms  at  Concord.  Concord  is  eighteen 
miles  north  of  Boston. 

The  English  thought  they  would  destroy 
these  provisions,  so  they  sent  a  troop  of  sol- 
diers to  Concord  for  tliat  purpose. 


TITK   KEVOLUTIONAljy   WAR 


."^l 


The  Struggle  at  Concord  Bridgk 


r»:^Ej^>.  JSamA  iJkS^mi 

The  Battle  of  Lexington 


32 


HISTORY  AND   BIOGRAPtlY 


On  reaching  -Lexington,  a  village  between 
Boston  and  Concord,  they  saw  a  great  num- 
ber of  Americans  standing  in  front  of  the 
meeting  house.  The  English  conmiander 
rode  up  and  cried,  "  Disperse,  ye  rebels." 
They  would  not  go,  so  he  ordered  his  soldiers 
to  fire.  Eight  men  were  killed  and  others 
wounded. 

This  was  called  the  Battle  of  Lexington. 
It  was  the  first  battle  of  the  Revolution. 


THE   COLONISTS   DECLARE   THEMSELVES  . 
INDEPENDENT 

At  first  the  colonists  liad  no  idea  of  sepa- 
rating from  the  mother  country.  But  in  July, 
1776,  the  Continental  Congress,  which  was  in 
session  at  Philadelphia,  saw  that  they  must 
decide  one  way  or  the  other.  They  knew 
they  must  determine  whether  they  should 
submit  to  the  cruel  tyranny  of  the  king 
or  whether  they  should  declare  themselves 
free  and  independent  of  England. 

Thomas  Jefierson,  a  member,  wrote  out  a 


THE    UF.VOTATTIOXARY    WAR 


33 


declaration,  wliicli  (K'clai-(Ml  tlic  cdlonists  frco 
and  independent  ot"  Mn^land.  I  liis  decl.-n-a- 
tion  savs,  ''  We  liold  these  tiiitlis  to  be  self- 
evident,     that     all     nuMi     are     created     (Mjual, 


Thomas  Jefferson 


that  they  are  endowed  hy  theii'  Creator  Avith 

certain  unalienahle  ri<>-hts,   that   aniono;  these 

are  life,  liberty  and  the  pursuit  of  ha})})iness." 

For  four  days  Congress  carefully  considered 


34 


HISTOEY  AND   BIOGRAPHY 


this  declaration.     At  last,  on  the  4th  of  July, 

they  decided  by  a  unanimous  vote  to  adopt  it. 

It  was  a  time  of  great  interest  to  the  people 

waiting  outside  the 
Hall.  There  they 
stood,  waiting  to 
hear  what  Congress 
would  decide. 

It  meant  that  if 
C'Ongress  signed 
the  paper,  all  the 
fathers,  husbands, 
and  brothers  would 
have  to  stand  by 
it.  It  meant  that 
their  very  lives 
were  at  stake. 
But  every  one 
was  satisfied  when  Congress  signed  the  dec- 
laration. The  Americans  were  ready  to  stand 
up  for  their  rights.  They  were  ready  and 
willing  to  fight  for  their  independence. 


The  Spirit  of  '76 


THE  iiev()Ia;th)N.\i;v  war 


35 


WASHINGTON'S   CHRISTMAS   GIFT 

General  TIowE  LukIcmI  in  New  Y<tr1<  witli 
a  laru'C  body  uf  iMiulisli  troops.  Washington 
was    (lri\'t'ii    out    of    Loiill'    Island.       lie    was 


Washington  d  Hetkkat  fucm  Long  Islanu 

forced  to  give  ii})  Brooklyn,  and  lie  was  driven 
step  by  step  across  Ncav  Jersey  into  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

At  this  time  everytliino;  looked  very  dark 
for  the  American  cause.  I)ut  on  C^hristmas 
Eve  AVashington  surprised   a  troop  of  tiftcen 


36 


HISTORY  AND   BIOGRAPHY 


liuiidrecl  men  that  the  Enghsh  had  stationed 
at  Trenton.  He  captured  them  and  took  them 
prisoners. 

This  was  a  fine  Christmas  present  for  the 
country,  and  the  colonies  needed  it  very  much. 


Washington  crossing  the  Delaware 


Leutze 


This  victory  greatly  encouraged  Washington 
and  his  poor  barefooted  men. 

The  next  victory  that  Washington  won  was 
at  Princeton.  It  was  a  hard  fight,  but  the 
poor  ragged  soldiers  won  again  and  Washing- 
ton now  had  control  of  New  Jersey. 


Till-:  im:v()Liti()Xaky  wau  37 

liATTlJ':    {)['    SAkATOdA 

Tx  1777  Oc'iuM-nl  l^mrji'oviie  was  sent  fi'oiii 
(^aiiada  with  liis  I'jiLilisli  soldiers  to  iiiarcli 
down  aloiiij,'  Lake  C1i;iiiiitlaiii  and  L.ikc 
rieor^-e  to  captiii-c  Alhany.  The  Ih'itish 
forces  at  New  Vork  were  supposed  to  come 
u[)  to  Alljaiiy  and  join  liini.  ^Fhis  plan  would 
liave  cut  tlie  eoh)iiies  in  two,  and  would  liavc 
hecii  \erv  unfortunate  for  this  country  if  lie 
had  succeeded. 

l^ut  he  did  not  succeed.  I'he  American 
soldiers  met  General  Ihu'^oyne's  men  at  Sara- 
toira.  Thev  had  a  \  crN'  hard  l)attle  to  tiji-ht. 
At  one  time  it  seemed  as  if  our  cause  was 
lost,  when  out  from  the  raid^s  sprang  Ik'ue- 
dict  Arnold,  a  Youn<>;  colonel,  lie,  on  his 
l)lack  horse,  turned  the  American  soldiers 
back  and  uriied  tliem  on  to  victory.  This 
was  the  turniuLi:  ]")oint  of  the  war„  There 
were  fiye  thousand  se^'en  hundred  nu'n  mider 
Burgoyne.  They  surrendered  and  all  became 
prisoners. 

This    battle    meant    a   great    deal    to    the 


38 


HISTORY  AND   BIOGRAPHY 


'j'lii':  Jii:\t)LL:Ti()NAi;\'   wak  39 

AiiH'ricans  and  tlicy  were  \i'i-y  liappy  wlicii 
tliev  licarcl  this  •••ood  news.  A  ltd"  this  \  ict(»r\' 
France  o-ax-c  tlic  Anicricans  imich  lid)).  Thr- 
battle  of  Saratojia  is  caHcd  oiu'  of  the  fifteen 
decisive  battles  of  the  world. 

BATTLE    OF   YOPvKTOWX 

YoKKTOWX  is  a  small  villaLie  in  VirLiinia. 
In  17S1  Lord  Cornwallis,  the  liritish  i;eneral, 
was  stationed  tliere  with  his  army. 

General  (leoro-e  AN^ishinuton  l)r()Uii'ht  his 
army  down  upon  Yoi'ktown  before  the  Eng- 
lish knew  what  he  was  doin^-. 

He  bond)arded  the  city  for  about  a  Avei'k. 
Shot  and  cannon  balls  poured  into  the  town 
on  all  sides. 

When  TiOrd  Cornwallis  saw  that  he  could 
hold  out  no  lon^^er,  lie  hoisted  a  \\'hite  tlag\ 

This  meant  that  Lord  Cornwallis  and  all 
his  army  had  surrendered. 

It  was  iust  four  years  to  a  day  since  the 
Americans  had  captured  Burgoyne  and  his 
army  at  Saratoga. 


40 


HISTORY  AND   BIOGRAPHY 


Tiir:  i;i:\()i.i  ri()NAi;v  WAii  41 

'11  IK    KM) 

Tlir:  trcnty  of  jx-.-icc  hctwccii  I'jii^land  mid 
the  rnitc'd  States  an  as  sig'iic'([  on  the  iWl  of 
8ej)tenil)er,  1783. 

T\\'o  ]iioiitlis  from  tliis  tinic  tlic  A  iiu'ricnii 
army  ^vas  (lisl)aii(K'(l.  Thus  eiukMi  a  h)iig- 
and  distrt'ssinu'  Avar. 

Tlie  Americans  had  einhired  a  areat  man\' 
hardshii)s.  Idiev  liad  h)st  maiiv  1)V  deatli, 
and  all  had  kno\\ii  ]»ri\ations ;  hut  at  last 
they  Avere  free,  fre(>  to  hiiild  up  the  ^-reat  and 
glorious  repuhlie  that  ^ve  ha\'e  to-day. 

The  comitrv  Avas  in  a  Avretehed  condition, 
hut    the   Americans  hraA'eh'  set   to    Avoi-k   to- 

p-ether.     This  thcA'  did  so  iioLlv  that  to-(hiA' 

~  ./  1/  »' 

AA^e  have  reared  on  their  structure  a  nation 
that  is  one  of  the  most  powerful  in  the  Avorld. 
We  should  o-i\'e  many  thanks  to  the  noble 
men  avIkj  Avorked  so  hard  and  fought  so 
braAX'lv  for  the  li'eedom  that  Ave  enio\'  to-dav. 


GEORGE   WASHINGTON 

George  Washe^gtoi^  was  a  man  to  be 
greatly  loved  and  respected. 

At  the  time  of  the  Eevolutionaiy  War  he 
did  much  for  his  country.  He  was  com- 
mander of  the  army.  When  the  soldiers 
were  hungry  and  in  distress,  he  stayed  with 
them  and  cheered  them  in  tlieir  trouble.  At 
tliat  time  the  soldiers  did  not  have  enoup^h  to 
eat.     Many  were  without  shoes. 

When  thev  marched  in  the  snow  with  bare 
feet,  George  Washington  was  with  tliem. 
He  could  have  gone  to  his  home,  where 
everything  was  plentiful,  but  he  did  not.  He 
would  not  forsake  his  soldiers.  He  fouo-ht 
bravely  throughout  the  whole  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary War. 

At  the  end  of  the  war  it  was  with  tears  in 
his  eyes  that  he  bade  good-by  to  his  army. 
At  the  time  of  their  parting  he  said  to  his 
soldiers :  "  Companions  in  arms,  with  love  and 

42 


(J  EU  U(  i  !•:   WAS  1 1 1 N  ( JTON 


43 


o-ratitiide  I  now  take  iii\   IcaN'c  <»f  aoh.      ^fav' 
A'our  latter  (la\s   he  as  |)r(»s|KT()iis  aii<l  luijipy 


Georgk  Washington 


as  voui'  former  ones  have  been  <>lorious  and 
honorable." 


44 


HISTORY   AND   BIOGRAPHY 


He  then  went  to  the  Congress  and  laid 
down  his  commission,  resigning  all  the  powers 
that  lie  held,  and  retired  to  his  home  in 
Momit  Vernon. 


Washington  resigning  his  Commission 


After  the  government  was  formed,  and  the 
peojile  needed  some  one  to  pnt  at  its  head, 
whom  shonld  they  look  to  bnt  their  beloved 
Georo:e  AVashinp^ton  1 

He  once  more  gave  up  his  peaceful  home 
to  help  his  country. 


CKOrjCF.    WASIIINfri'HX  45 

He  Avas  ]ii;i(l('  ri\'.si(lciit  <>t"  the.  I  iiiti'd 
States,  aixl  S('i'\  rd  liis  (•oiintiN  fni-  two  tci-iiis, 
or  eiulit  years. 

He  (lecliiK'd  to  1)C  cUn-lrd  ;iLi;iiii,  <'i>  lie 
tlu)li<'"lit  no  mail  oULi'lit  to  ]\:\\'r  tlic  <»tli(M'  of 
i*resi(k'iit  more  tliaii  tw  ice. 

(iecjrge  \\  ashinjj^toii  n\  as  ealK-il  the  'M''atlier 
of  Lis  Ooimtrw"  l\\'ery  year  on  tlic  H'Jd  of 
Fel)ruar\'  ^\ c  eelelirate  the  aiiiii\c'rsary  ot"  liis 
birth(hiv. 

Lives  of  o-reat  men  all  reniiinl  n<, 
AVe  can  make  our  lives  suhhine, 
And  (le[)artin<i;  lea\e  hehhid  us 
Foot])rints  on  the  sands  of  time. 

HkXKV    W  ADSWUKTH    LoX(iFELLOW. 


PROGRESS     AND     GROWTH     OF     THE 
UNITED    STATES 

When  the  Revolutionary  War  ended,  there 
were  about  four  niilhon  jjcople  in  the  United 
States.  To-day  Ave  have  over  eighty-four 
nnlHon.  '  Such  a  rapid  increase  and  spread 
of  popuhition  has  never  been  known  in  the 
workl  What  is  tlie  reason  of  this?  Let 
me  tell  vou. 

Millions  of  people  in  Europe  have  been 
attracted  by  the  wonderful  golden  opportuni- 
ties that  the  United  States  presents.  Its  rich 
mining  fields,  its  wonderfully  fertile  valleys, 
and  its  great  advantages  for  manufacturing 
have  all  been  attractions  to  bring  the  people 
over.  Nowhere  in  the  world  is  there  p:reater 
liberty  and  greater  opportunity  than  in  Amer- 
ica. Here  we  have  free  thought  and  free 
speech,  and  if  a  man  is  industrious,  he  can  rise 
higher  and  higher  in  his  cliosen  j^rofession. 

46 


PROGRESS   AND  GROWTH   OK    INI  I  ID   ST\TIX     JT 

The  iii;^-lit  schools  nttrnc't  tlici  fi'rown  jx-oplc, 
and  the  tiiu'  tree  dav  sc-hools  are  for  tlicir  chil- 
dreii.  Why  slioiihl  not  tlie  jx'ople  wish  to 
conic  licre?  On  cNcry  steamer  ix-oplc  from 
England,  irehmd,  Uermany,  and  other  eomi- 


f\   !   I 


U.NK  OF   riiK  FiKST  Railroad  Thains 


tries  come  over  to  talvc  ad\antage  of  all  that 
tlie  United  States  offers. 

The  first  thirteen  states  were  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  the  United  States.  ])ut  peo])le  be- 
gan to  see  the  wonderfnl  o})purtnnities  the 
West  presented,  and  they  were  soon  gradually 
movinjj:  westward.  About  182-  the  Ignited 
States  built  a  road  or  highway  for  tlie  }»eople. 
It  was  intended   to   go  from  the  Atlantic  to 


48 


HISTORY  AND   BIOGRAPHY 


the  Mississippi,  but  it  was  completed  only  as 
far  as  Illinois.  This  was  a  great  help  to 
travel,  and  many  emigrants  moved  out  into 
this  new  part  of  the  country. 

A  canal  was  Luilt  in  1825.     This  canal  con- 
nected   the    Hudson    River    with    Lake  Erie. 


Traveling  on  the  Erie  Canal  about  1825 


Tlie  canal  was  the  greatest  piece  of  work  of 
the  kind  which  had  ever  been  done  in  the 
United  States.  People  could  now  go  from 
New  York  City  up  the  river  on  a  steamboat, 
then  get  on  a  boat  in  the  Erie  Canal,  and  in 
less  than  a  week  arrive  in  Buflalo.  That  was 
very  rapid  travel  in  those  days.  Thousands 
of  emigrants  went  west  by  this  canal.  They 
built    up   many    cities    in   New    York    State, 


PKUdUKSS   AND    (JlJoWni    n|'    IMTKI)    srATl'.S     10 


sucli  as  S\nicuse',  liocln'strr,  rtici,  jhkI 
lUitf'alo. 

ill  IS:5()  tlie  first  railway  was  l)iiilt  in  tlic 
United  States.  This  lielpfd  tu  caiTN-  tlic  people 
away  from  the  eastern  coast  into  the  West. 

By  the  treaty  Avith  ^lexieo,  the  United 
States   extended    its   territory   to    the    J'aeific 


w.  "Vm 


Emigrant  Wagons 

coast.  Tn  1S40  o-ohl  was  discovere(l  in  C'ali- 
fornia,  and  many  people  hastened  ont  there. 
In  one  year's  time  nearly  a  hundred  tliousand 
peo})le  had  entered  the  territory  of  California. 
No  such  emigration  to  any  new  part  of  the 
United  States  had  eyer  l)een  known  before. 
BetAyeen  four  and  fiye  million  dollars'  worth 
of  gohl  was  ting  out  of  the  ground  in  fi\'e  years. 

Later,  the  people  began  to  settle  in  Oregon, 
where  there  was  p'ood  lumberino:  and  fishintr. 

To-day  we  haye    forty-six   states,   all    well 
populated.      In  the    ditiereiit   sections    of   the 


50  HISTORY  AND   BIOGRAPHY 

United  States,  the  people  are  occupied  in  do- 
ing many  different  kinds  of  ivork. 

Along  the  eastern  coast  we  have  many 
factories.  In  the  southern  part  we  have 
large  cotton,  rice,  and  sugar  plantations.  In 
the  central  part  are  the  immense  wheat  fields. 

Throughout  the  United  States  we  find  fine, 
rich  forests.  From  the  mountains  we  get 
our  coal  and  iron.  The  value  of  the  farms, 
houses,  railways,  and  other  im})rovements  in 
the  United  States,  together  with  its  great 
industries,  make  this  country  the  richest  in 
the  world. 


AimAIfA^r   LINCOLN 

PKIJIIAI'S  it'  wc  knou'  soiiu'tliiiii;'  nLout 
ALraliam  Lincoln  Ijctbre  we  stndy  tin-  ('i\il 
War,  we  will  a[)pi\'C'iatL'  the  tirni,  steady 
hand  that  ])il(>ted  nnr  eonntiy  tlironu'li  tliat 
dreadful  crisis.  'J'li()U<j,-li  the  clouds  were 
j»-atlierin«'-  Llack  and  hea^■v,  ALraliam  Liiicnju 
ste])pcd  to  the  helm  of  the  sliip,  and  with  his 
wise  l)rain,  a-reat  couraue,  and  kindness  (»f 
lieart  steered  this  country  throu^•ll  the  foui- 
years'   iieril   of  cixil    war. 

What  heart  would  not  ha\'e  faltered,  wliat 
hand  Avould  not  have  shaken,  as  the  clouds 
iiTew  dark  and  dai-ker,  and  while  it  seemed 
as  if  our  once  adorious  union  would  l)e  sliat- 
tered  forever? 

Let  me  tell  vou  how  this  wondert'ul 
character  Avas  made.  Not  in  a  day,  nor  yet 
in  a  month;  Lut  it  was  Luilt  up  of  years  of 
yearning"  and  hard  stri\  ing  to  reach  the  heiuht 
of  greatness,  years  of  hard  laLor  in  a  Larren 

61 


52  HISTORY  AND   BIOGRAPHY 

Western    home    witliont    aiiv    assistance    but 
his  strong  will  and  unfaltering  courage. 


Abraham  Lincoln 


Abraham  Lincoln  did   not    have    the  easy 
chance  to  rise  that  we  have  to-day.     There 


Al'.KAIIAM     LINCOLN' 


63 


Avcre  no  nio-lit  sc1i(m»1s  .-hkI  \ci-\-  few  dav 
scliools.  I^\'i'r\tliiii_L;"  lie  l«';iriu'<l  was  ohtaincd 
witli  gruat  c'fiort. 

He  Avas  l)()ni   on    I'\'1)niai-\'    \'J,    iSOl),    in   a 
rude    cahin    in    Kcntuckw       This    liouse    was 


^'-i^;— T^xS: 


Lincoln's    HiiixHrLACE 


l)uilt  l)y  Al)rahain\s  father.  It  was  l)uilt  so 
poorly  that  tlic  rahi  and  sncnv  often  eanie 
thronii'h  the  cracks. 

Al)raliani's  niotlier  tauii-ht  him  to  reach  Tie 
liad  few  books  to  read,  and  these  he  had 
to  borrow,  as  his  father  was  too  poor  to  buy 
them  for  him.  lie  couhl  not  even  atibrd  to 
buy  pa])er  and  pens.  He  ir^^ed  to  take  the 
back  of  the  broad  wooden  fire  slio\el  to  write 


54 


HISTORY  AND   BIOGRAPHY 


on,  with  a  piece  of  charcoal  for  a  pencil. 
When  he  wanted  to  clean  it  off,  he  would 
scrape  away  the  wood  with  a  knife. 


Lincoln  Writing  by  the  Fire 


Abraham  Lincoln  was  very  tall  and  strong. 
He  measured  nearly  six  feet  four  inches,  bare- 
footed. He  was  very  powerful.  He  could 
lift  a  load  or  cut  down  a  tree  more  quickly 
than  any  one  in  the  neighborhood. 


ABRAHAM    l.i.N(()LN  .Vj 

]\raiiy  stories  iiva  told  nlniiit  liis  li(iiirst\'. 
One  of  thc'iii  was  ahout  a  WDin.-ni  Imxiii"- 
sonH'tirni<4'  in  a  comifi-y  stni-c  wlu-i-f  A  l>r;iliaiii 
worked.  She  paid  liiin  six  cents  too  nnicli. 
Tliis  worried  Aluahani  sn  that  lie  walked  ii\e 
miles,  after  the  store  was  closed,  to  ])n\'  lier 
l)ack.      He  was  often  calle(l  -*  Ilonest  Al)e." 

He  studied  law  by  liiniself  and  l)ccaiiie  a 
famous  lawyer  and  dehatei'.  lli'  wnidd  sit 
out  under  the  trees  for  days,  studyin^•  liis 
books. 

At  last,  when  lie  started  to  ])ractice,  e\'ery 
one  had  eontidenee  in  him.  \\  hen  he  said  a 
thin<j;",  he  heheved  in  it  strictly,  and  in  this 
way  he  soon  <»-ained  an  immense  intluence. 

He  ke])t  risin<2;  liij^-her  and  hi^-her  in  liis 
profession.  He  was  elected  to  the  Legisla- 
ture four  times,  and  at  List  the  people  sent 
him  to  Washin<>-ton  as  a  conoTessman. 

Tn  18G0,  when  it  was  time  to  nominate  a 
new  President,  .Vbraham  Lincohi  Avas  nomi- 
nated. 

He   was   called   the    "Illinois   rail-splitter' 


56  HISTORY   AND  BIOGRAPHY 

because  he  split  rails  in  his  earlier  days.  In 
November,  18(30,  he  was  elected  President 
of  the  United  States. 

During  the  Civil  War  he  served  his  country 
as  only  Abraham  Lincoln  could  have  done. 
When  kindness  was  needed,  his  big  heart  was 
open.  When  courage  and  fearlessness  were 
needed,  lie  was  there  ready  to   do  his  duty. 

One  night,  just  after  the  close  of  the  war, 
Abraliam  Lincoln  was  in  a  theater.  Every 
one  was  very  hap})y.  The  war  was  at  an  end, 
and  our  nation  was  preserved.  A  madman 
named  Booth  rushed  upon  the  stage,  and 
before  any  one  knew  what  he  was  doing,  shot 
our  beloved  President.  Every  one  grieved 
very  deeply  at  his  death.  Every  one  felt  as  if 
he  had  lost  a  true  friend.  Many  people  of  the 
South  shed  tears,  for  he  had  won  a  place  in 
every  heart.  As  a  true  American  lie  had 
loved  the  South  as  well  as  the  North. 


Till']    CIVIL    WAK 

LAKdl']  (nuiiititii's  of  c-utton  \\  rvc  i-jiistd  in 
the  Soiithcrii  states.  The  SoutlKTii  plaiitns 
needed  the  e()h)red  shives  to  \\'ork  on  tlii-  cot- 
tun  i)hnitations,  and  in  this  \va\'  slawTN'  d(j\el- 
oped  \'erv  extensively  in  the  South. 

Man\'  j)eoph'  in  tlie  Xortli  did  not  helicve 
ill  shnerv.  For  inan\'  \  ears  ijast  earnest  dis- 
enssions  had  arisen  hetween  the  ])eo])h'  of  the 
Nortli  and  the  people  of  tlie  Soutii  on  this 
question.  .\s  the  years  went  on,  the  Ignited 
States  increased  in  territory.  The  ([uestion 
was,  Sliould  the  new  states  be  admitted  with 
or  without  sla^'es  ?  The  peo})le  of  the  Soutli 
believed  in  what  they  called  "State  Ri<»-hts"; 
that  is,  that  each  state  should  decide  for  it- 
self whether  or  not  it  Avould  ha\'e  sla\erv. 
The  Northern  states  said  that  it  was  a  (pies- 
tion  for  the  national  government  to  decide. 

Abraham  Liiicohi  was  not  in  favor  of  the 


67 


58  HISTOEY  AND  BIOGRAPHY 

extension  of  slavery,  so  when,  in  1860,  lie 
was  elected,  the  cotton  states.  South  Caro- 
lina, Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Louisiana,  and  Texas,  made  preparations  to 
leave  the  Union. 

In  the  following  February  a  convention  of 
delegates  from  the  seceding  states  was  held. 
A  new  government  was  formed,  which  they 
called  "  The  Confederate  States  of  America." 
Jefferson  Davis  was  elected  its  President. 

Fort  Sumter  was  bombarded  in  April  by 
the  Southerners.  The  rest  of  the  states  had 
now  to  decide  whether  or  not  they  should 
secede.  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Tennessee, 
and  Arkansas  joined  the  Confederacy. 

The  President  of  the  United  States  then 
issued  a  call  for  volunteers.  Seventy-five 
thousand  men  enlisted  in  the  Northern  states 
in  three  days.  Money  and  ships  were  given 
the  government  by  some  of  the  rich  people. 
The  Southern  people  were  just  as  enthusias- 
tic, and  their  young  men  also  enlisted  in 
large  numbers.     The  war  had  begun. 


TJIE   CIVIL    WAIl 


59 


Tlie  })C'()j)lc'  on  l)(>tli  sides  wtTc  nil  vrvy 
anxious  lur  the  fi<>-litiiiL''  tu  beuin-  Tlie\' 
tlioiio'lit   tliat   witliiii    three    iiionth>    the    ^\ai- 


Fort  Sumter 

wouhl  be  ended.  Tlie  first  ])attle,  at  r)ull 
Kuii,  showed  tlieiii  that  tliey  were  mistaken. 
This  battle  taun'ht  the  peo})le  at  tlie  North 
that  tliev  must  not  expect  to  make  a  si)eedy 
conquest  of  tlie  South.  This  Avas  the  l)e<2:in- 
ning,  not  of  tln'ee  moutlis,  but  of  foui'  years, 
of  terrible   strife;    four  years  when   the   sol- 


60  HISTORY   AXD   BIOGRAPHY 

diers  who  faced  each  other  belonged  to  one 
country ;  four  years  when  friends  fought 
against  friends,  and  often  brothers  against 
brothers. 

In  the  second  year  of  the  war  President 
Lincohi  issued  his  immortal  Proclamation 
of  Emancipation.  This  set  free  all  the  slaves 
in  the  states  that  were  fighting  against  the 
Union,  and  those  in  the  other  slave  states 
were  given  their  freedom  later. 

Some  of  the  most  important  battles  of  the 
Civil  War  were  Antietam,  Vicksburg,  and 
Gettysburg.  At  Gettysburg  the  loss  of  life 
was  very  great  on  both  sides.  About  twenty- 
three  thousand  of  our  Union  men  were  killed 
and  wounded.  The  Confederate  army  had 
about  seventy  thousand  soldiers,  and  their  loss 
was  twenty-three  thousand,  besides  five  thou- 
sand taken  prisoners.  It  was  a  battle  ob- 
stinately fought  by  both  sides. 

Sherman's  march  to  the  sea  was  very 
important  to  the  Union  cause.  He  started 
with    sixty    thousand    men    at    Atlanta    and 


Till-:    CIVIL    WAIl 


61 


marclic'd    tliruiig'li    Gc'(jr<j,ia    tu    tlic    scacoast, 
where  lie  took   Savainiali. 

General  Ulvsses  Grant  was  o-iven  cniiiinand 
of  the    Union  army  durin;-'  the   third   vear  of 


S»KNK    AT   THK    1)ATTLE    OF    riETTVSIU'K(i 


the  war.  General  MeGlellan,  (General  Meade, 
Creneral  Sherman,  and  .Vchniinl  I"'arra<iut 
fou<>:ht  very  bravelv  for  tlie  liiioii  eause. 
General  Eobcrt  E.  Lee  Avas  one  of  the  Con- 
federate o-enerals.  He  was  a  brave  man  and 
a  great  a-eneral,  but  he  was  on  a  losing*  side. 


62  HISTORY  AND   BIOGRAPHY 

!Many  terrible  battles  were  fought,  and 
tliousaiids  of  brave  men  were  killed  on  both 
sides.  When  the  Southern  soldiers  saw  that 
it  was  useless  to  attempt  to  fight  longer,  they 
laid  down  their  arms,  and  peace  was  made — 
a  peace  honorable  to  both  sides.  The  states 
were  then  united  and  our  Union  was  pre- 
served. 


! 


CIVICS   AXD   i^VTi^OTLS^L 

OUR   GOVERNMKXT 

In  earlv  times  men  oiilv  liad  cnou'i-li  to 
live  on,  n(>  more.  I)ut  later  on,  as  j)i'oj)le 
learned  llo^v  to  till  the  soil,  tliey  aeijnircd  the 
saving"  instinct.  That  is,  they  heji'an  to  -ynt 
away  for  some  tiiture  time  Avhat  they  did 
not  need  to  nse  at  once.  Thus,  in  the  years 
of  ])lent\',  thev  saA'ecl  f  )r  the  ^■ears  of  fmiiue. 

Tlie  weak  men  found  that  after  rai si u^;'  their 
cro[)  the  strong  men  would  come  and  take  it 
awav  from  them.  The  weak  men  soon  jii'ew 
tired  of  this,  so  they  banded  tou'ether  for  the 
purpose  of  })roteetion.  They  made  laws  to 
protect  their  property.  This  we  call  a  u'ov- 
ernnient. 

Tn  the  United  States  we  have  a  government 
which  is,  as  Abraham  Tincoln  said,  'M  )f  the 
people,  for  the  people,  and  by  the  })cople." 
Our    o'overnment    is  a"ood   if  we   choose    the 

63 


64 


CIVICS   AND   PATEIOTISiM 


rio'lit  men  to  make  and  carrv  out  the  laws. 
We  should  know  somethinn^  about  the  O'ov- 
ernment,  so  we  can  tell  whether  the  people 
we  choose  are  doing  then*  duty. 

We  should  learn  how  to  change  and  better 


The  Capitol,  Washington 
(Where  the  laws  of  the  United  States  are  made.) 

the  bad  laws.  ^  In  Kussia  the  people  cannot 
change  the  bad  laws,  but  in  our  land  the 
people  have  this  power.  The  question  arises : 
Is  it  our  duty  to  obey  bad  laws  as  well  as 
good  ?  Yes,  we  should  obey  all  laws  and, 
when  we  have  the  chance,  change  the  bad 
laws.  If  the  ballot  is  in  the  hands  of  intelli- 
gent people,   it  will  be   stronger  than   guns, 


OUR   GOVERN MKNT  (;:» 

str()ii<2vr  even  tlmn  dNiianiitc.  \\  licii  tlic 
people  are  educatcMl,  ilicy  c.-m  tell  the  v\'^\]t 
from  the  ^\  ron^'.  J  1ms  n\'c;  see  liow  inipoi'tant 
it  is  to  know  sometliiim*  about  our  eountrw 

THE    CONSTITUTION'    oF   THE    CMTEI) 

STATES 

PKEAMHLF-: 

"We,  tlie  people  of  the  United  States,  in 
order  to  inrm  a  more  ])erfeet  union,  I'staMisli 
justiee,  insure  domestic  tran([uillit}',  ]ti-(»\id(' 
for  the  connnon  defense,  promote  tlie  <2,'enri;d 
welfare,  and  secure  the  l)lessin<'"S  of  hhcrtx'  to 
ourselves  and  our  posterity,  do  or(hun  and  es- 
tablish this  Constitution  for  the  United  States 
of  America." 

This  introdueti(ni  to  the  Constitution  is  im- 
portant for  several  reasons.  First  because  the 
government  is  founded  on  tlie  ^vill  of  the  peo- 
ple. ]\Iany  nations  in  Europe  liave  consti- 
tutions tliat  allow  their  })eople  considerable 
libertv  and  freedom,  but  the  Constitution  of 


66  CIVICS   AND  PATRIOTISM 

the  United  States  is  "  ordained  and  estab- 
lished "  by  the  people  Avho  are  to  be  governed 
bv  it. 

The  preamble  gives  the  reasons  for  estab- 
lishino;  the  Constitution.  It  also  sets  forth 
the  exact  purposes  of  the  Constitution.  It  is  a 
guide  to  our  courts,  to  help  them  to  interpret 
the  Constitution. 

THE  THREE  DEPARTMENTS  OF 
GOVERNMENT 

All  governments  nuist  have  three  distinct 
powers :  — 

1.  The  legislative  power,  Avhich  makes  the 
laws. 

2.  The  executive  power,  which  carries  out 
the  laws. 

3.  The  judicial  power,  which  interprets  the 
laws  and  applies  them  to  individual  cases. 

In  an  absolute  monarchy  these  powers  are 
all  exercised  by  one  person,  the  monarch,  but 
in  constitutional  governments  they  are  given 
to  different  persons. 


OUR   GOVKItNMKNT  67 

Til  tlic  United  States  the  tln\'e  |»«t\\cr<  -avc 
(lixidcd  ns  follows  :  — 

1.  The  k\!j,-ishitive  [)Ower  is  in  tlie  liaiids  of 
Cuiig'ress,  whieh  eonsists  ot"  t\\  <>  Ijoihes  ut  men, 
a  Senate  and  a  House  of  l?e])resentatives. 

2.  The  exeeutixe  power  is  in  tin-  hands  ot' 
the  President,  wlio  executes  the  hiws  throujih 
civil  officers  connected  \y\t]\  the  courts  and  the 
difierent  departments  of  the  ji^'overnmcnt.  amh 
if  necessarx',  thronu'li  the  arm\'  and  na\  \,  of 
which  he  is  ('onnnander  in  ( 'hief. 

o.  The  judicial  power  is  in  the  hamls  of  (tuc 
Su])renie  (\)urt  in  W^ashinLiton  and  of  minor 
courts  established  l)V  C'onji'ress  in  all  the  states 
and  territories. 

WHY    WK   XKKT)    A    OOVERXMEXT 

The  word  anarchy  means  ^'no  o-overnment." 
It  comes  from  a  Greek  word  meaninii"  no 
head,  or  government;  hence  anarch}'  means 
"no  government." 

The  anarchists  believe  that  cacli  person 
stands  ahjne  ;   that  one  person  has  nothing  to 


68  CIVICS   AND  PATRIOTISM 

do  with  anotlier.  But  if  a  father  dies,  does 
not  the  family  feel  it '?  does  not  the  city  feel 
the  loss,  even  if  he  does  only  a  small  part  of 
its  work  ?  When  there  is  a  war,  every  one  is 
affected.     The  country  becomes  poor. 

At  one  time  Rome  was  mistress  of  the 
Avorld.  Before  it  was  a  republic,  the  rich  peo- 
ple and  the  poor  people  would  light.  At  last 
the  poor  people  said,  "  We  can  do  without  the 
rich." 

So  they  left  the  city  and  congregated  or 
gathered  outside  on  the  hill  called  Mons  Sacer. 
The  poor  people  had  no  lands  nor  property, 
and  the  rich  had  no  one  to  work  their  lands 
nor  care  for  their  property.  So  neither  one 
could  get  along. 

A  judge  named  Agrippa  came  to  them  and 
said  :  "  The  limbs  of  a  body  had  a  fight.  The 
hands  refused  to  work,  then  the  feet  refused 
to  carry  the  body  about.  The  mouth  grew 
very  hungry,  and  then  every  part  grew 
hungry.  They  all  had  to  get  together  and 
help  each  part  so  that  the  body  could  thrive." 


OUR   GOVKRNMEXT  69 

Aiiotlicr  example  of  streii;^'tli  in  iininn  is 
illustrated  in  the  Story  of  the  Sticks,  t(»hl  l)\' 
-^]so[).  A  father  h;ul  scnimi  sons  who  anctc 
always  (juarreliii^i,'  with  one  another.  As  this 
distressed  tlie  father  \'ery  mucli,  he  one  d;i\- 
desired  all  of  tiieni  to  come  to  his  chanilici-. 

lie  laid  before  them  seven  sticks,  w  hich  w  itc 
fastened  to<;'ether.  "Now,"  said  he,  *'  I  ^\ill 
ii'ive  a  hun(hvd  crow  ns  to  that  one  ot"  \ou  n\  ho 
can  hi-cak  tliis  hundle  of  sticks  across." 

Each  of  them  tried  to  the  utmost  of  his 
strength,  and  each  was  ol)li<i,'ed  to  confess  that 
he  could  not  hreak  it.  "  And  yet,"  said  the 
father,  '' tliere  is  no  (hfiiculty  ahout  it." 

He  then  untied  the  bundle  and  broke  one 
stick  after  the  other  witli  the  a'reatest  ease. 
Then  he  said  :  "As  it  is  with  these  sticks,  my 
sons,  so  it  is  with  you.  As  long  as  you  hold 
toirether,  vou  are  a  match  for  all  vour  ene- 
mies,  but  if  you  ([uarrel  and  se})arate.  it  will 
happen  to  you  as  to  these  sticks,  which  you 
see  lvin<»"  broken  on  the  !>-round." 

The    anarchists    believe    in    se})aratino'    the 


70  CIVICS   AND  PATRIOTISM 

sticks,  while  a  person  with  coniinon  sense  will 
see  that  the  only  solution  is  to  keep  the  sticks 
tied  together.  In  union  is  strength,  just  as 
Daniel  Webster  said,  ''  United  we  stand,  di- 
vided we  fall." 

Then,  too,  the  anarchists  are  against  family 
life.  History  tells  us  that  the  stronger  the 
family  life,  the  stronger  the  nation.  When 
Rome  had  a  strong  family  life,  it  controlled 
the  Avorld,  but  when  the  nation  became  cor- 
rupt and  careless  of  the  claims  of  the  family, 
its  downfall  soon  followed. 


natukalization: 

NATUJtAlJZA  rioN  is  tlic  })r(>ct'ss  wlicrchx 
an  alini  may  hccome  a  citizen  of  our  ((tiinrrN-. 
By  nlii'ii,  ^\•l,'  mean  a  citizen  (m-  suhject  of  a 
t'urei;j.n  jxnver. 

An  alien  enemy,  tliat  is,  a  citizen  or  snliject 
of  a  country  wliicli  is  enpi^XMl  in  w.w  wirli  us, 
cannot  hv  naturalized  or  made  au  American 
citizen  until  liis  country  and  ours  are  a^-ain  at 
peace  with  cacli  other. 

An  alien  friend  mav  he  naturalized  in  the 
followiuLi'  nuinner :  — 

The  first  stej)  is  tiie  makino-of  a  declaration 
of  intention  to  hecome  a  citizen,  couunonly 
known  as  ''takiuii,-  out  the  tii'st  ])a))ers."  In 
this  declaration  of  intention,  the  ])etitioner 
gives  a  personal  description  of  himself  and  de- 
clares his  intention  of  makiiiu'  this  couiUi'y  his 
})ermanent  home  and  of  becoming  a  citizen 
thereof. 

71 


72  CIVICS   AND   PATPvIOTISM 

Declaration  of  Intention 
ss. 

I, aged years,  occupation , 

do  declare  on  oath  (affirm)  that  my  personal  description  is: 

color ,  complexion ,  height , 

weight ,  color  of  hair ,  color  of 

eyes ,  other  visible  distinctive  marks 

I  was  born  in ,  on  the day  of 

Anno  Domini I  now  reside  at I  emigrated  to 

the  United  States  of  America  from ,  on  the 

vessel ;  my  last  foreign  residence  was . 

It  is  my  bona  fide  intention  to  renounce  forever  all  allegiance 
and  fidelity  to  any  foreign  prince,  potentate,  state  or  sover- 
eignty, and  particularly  to ,  of  which  I  am  now  a 

citizen  (subject);  I  arrived  at  the  (port)  of , 

in  the  State  (Territory  or  District)  of ,  on  or 

about  the day  of Anno  Domini;  I 

am  not  an  anarchist ;  I  am  not  a  polygamist  nor  a  believer  in 
the  practice  of  polygamy ;  and  it  is  my  intention  in  good  faith 
to  become  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  of  America,  to  perma- 
nently reside  therein.     So  help  me  God. 

The  second  step  is  taking  out  the  naturah- 
zation  papers  proper,  or  what  is  common]^^ 
known  as  "taking-  out  the  second  papers." 

The  prehniinary  or  first  requirements  are  as 
follows :  — 

I.    The  petitioner   must  have  been  in  resi- 


NATClJAMZATloN  73 

deuce  in  our  coiiiiliN  tor  li\e  years,  xrar  attrr 
year. 

IF.  I  [('  iiiiist  1in\'i'  iiiadc  liis  (Icrlai-atinn  df 
intention  at  least  two  years  before. 

In  this  [iroeeeiling,  \vliicli  is  judieial,  he 
must  renounce  alle<j;'iance  to  any  fnrciLiii  power 
and  swear  allegiance  to  our  ( 'onstitution. 
^loreover,  he  nuist  swear  that  \w  is  neither 
an  anarchist  nor  a  polyo-aniist.  An  anarcliist 
is  a  person  who  does  not  heliexc  in  any 
government.  A  polyj^'annst  is  a  pci'soii  who 
believes  in  lunin^;,'  more  than  one  husl)and  or 
wife. 

After  tliese  proceedino's  the  alien  becomes 
a  citizen  of  the  United  States  of  Amei'iea, 
eli<j;'il)le  to  all  privileges  and  immunities. 
That  is,  lie  lias  the  riii'lit  to  all  freedom 
allowed   in   the    United  States. 

In  addition  to  this  petition  the  alien  must 
undero-o  an  examination  in  court,  as  to  liis 
knowledo-e  of  our  o-overnment. 

The  following  is  the  exact  form  of  a  petition 
for  naturalization  :  — 


74  CIVICS   AND  PATRIOTISM 

Court  of 

In  the  matter  of  the  petition  of to  be 

admitted  as  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  of  America. 

To  the Court. 

The  petition  of respectfully  shows: 

First:      My  full  name  is 

Second:  My  place  of  residence  is  number street, 

city  of ,  State  of 

Third:     My  occupation  is 

Fourth:  I  was  born  on  the .--day  of ,  at 

Fifth:    I  emigrated  to  the  United  States  from 

on  or  about  the day  of Anno  Domini 

and  arrived  at  the  port  of ,  in 

the  United  States,  on  the  vessel 

Sixth:    I  declared  my  intention  to  become  a  citizen  of  the 

United  States  on  the day  of ,  at 

in  the court  of 

Seventh:  I  am married. 

My  wife's  name  is .     She  was  born  in . 

and  now  resides  at I  have children, 

and  the  name,  date,  and  place  of  birth  and  place  of  residence 
of  each  of  said  children  is  as  follows:. 


Eighth:  I  am  not  a  disbeliever  in  or  opposed  to  organized 
government  or  a  member  of  or  affiliated  with  any  organization 
or  body  of  persons  teaching  disbelief  in  organized  government. 


NATUIIAT,!/,  \TI<)X  75 

I  am  not  a  polygaiiiist  nor  a  believer  in  the  practice  of  polyg- 
amy. 1  am  attached  to  the  principles  of  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States  and  it  is  my  intention  to  become  a  citizen  of 
the  United  States  and  to  renounce  absolutely  and  forever  all 
allegiance  and  fidelity  to  any  foreign  prince,  potenUite,  state 

or  sovereignty,  and  particularly  to ,  and  it  is 

my  intention  to  reside  permanently  in  the  United  States. 
Ninth :       1  am  able  to  speak  the  English  language. 
Tenth:      I  have  resided  continuously  in  the  United  States  of 
America  for  a  term  of  five  years  at  least,  immediately  preced- 
ing the  date  of  this  petition,  to  wit,  since , 

Anno  Domini,  and  in  the  State  of ,  for  one  year 

at   least   next   preceding   the   date   of   this   petition,    to   wit, 

since day  of Anno  Domini 

Eleventh :  I  have  not  heretofore  made  petition  for  citizenship 

to  any  court.     (I  made  petition  for  citizenship  to  the 

court  of at and  the  said  petition 

was  denied  by  the  said  court  for  the  following  reasons  and 
causes,  to  wit, 


and  the  cause  of  such  denial  has  since  been  cured  or  removed.) 

Attached  hereto  and  made  a  part  of  this  petition  are  my 

declaration  of   intention  to  become  a  citizen  of  the  United 

States  and  the  certificate  from  the  Department  of  Commerce 

and  Labor  required  by  law.     Wherefore,  your  petitioner  prays 

that  he  may  be  admitted  a  citizen  of  the   United   States  of 

America. 

Dated 

(Signature  of  petitioner)... _ 


76  CIVICS   AND   PATRIOTISM 

ss. 

being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says 

that  he  is  the  petitioner  in  the  above  entitled  proceeding ;  that 
he  has  read  the  foregoing  petition  and  knows  the  contents 
thereof ;  that  the  same  is  true  of  his  own  knowledge,  except  as 
to  matters  therein  stated  to  be  alleged  upon  information  and 
belief,  and  that  as  to  those  matters,  he  believes  it  to  be  true. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this 

day  of Anno  Domini__ 


Clerk  of  the Court. 


Here  are  some  questions  to  be  learned,  as 
similar  (questions  are  asked  when  in  court :  — 

What  is  the  United  States  1  The  United 
States  is  a  federation  of  forty-six  states  and 
five  territories. 

What  is  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States  ?  It  is  the  fundamental  law  by  which 
the  country  is  governed. 

Who  makes  the  law  of  the  United  States  ? 
The  Congress  at  Washington. 

Who  makes  the  laws  of  the  state  ?  The 
state  Legislature. 

Who  makes  the  laws  of  the  city?  The 
Board  of  Aldermen. 


NATIKALI/  A'lloN 


r7 


IIoNV  iiiaiiv  senators   <•<)    Injiii    cacli    state] 
i  wu. 

How    many    representati\c'S    (cong-rcssnHii) 


,,ri>pyrit;IUf(l  liy  Cn-o.  i'.  Ihill  iV  .Son,  .N.\.,  l.Mni; 

The  State  Capitol  at  Albany 
(Where  the  laws  of  New  York  State  are  inaili.) 


go  from  each  state?      That  depends  on   the 
popidation  of  tlie  state. 

How  many  rei)resentatives  go  from  the  state 
of  New  York?     'Jliirtv-seven. 


78  CIVICS   AND  PATRIOTISM 

Do  we  vote  for  the  President  directly  or 
indirectly  ]     Indirectly. 

For  how  long  is  a  United  States  senator 
elected  1     For  six  vears. 

For  how  long  is  a  congressman  elected? 
For  two  years. 

Who  elects  the  United  States  senators  1 
The  state  Legislature. 

Who  elects  the  representatives  of  the  people 
(congressmen)  '?     The  people. 

Who  elects  the  President  of  the  United 
States'?     The  people,  through  electors. 

Who  is  the  head  (Chief  Executive)  of  the 
United  States  ?     The  President. 

Who  is  the  head  of  the  state  ?    The  Governor. 

Who  is  the  head  officer  of  the  city  1  The 
Mayor. 

Where  is  the  capital  of  the  United  States  1 
At  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 

Where  is  the  capital  of  this  state  1    


How  many  states  are  in  the  Union  (United 
States)  ?     Forty-six. 


:sA'ii:KAI-IZAri(hN 


7ft 


How    many    seiuiturs    arc    In    tlic     I'niti'd 
States  1    Twic'o  as  many  as  states  (ninrt\ -two). 
What  do  vou  call  the  two  branches  ()t'('(»n- 
^      Hniwo  nf  lu'prcsc'iitatiws  .hkI  Scn.ifr 


<^Tess  ?     ]  louse  o 


Signing  of  the  United  States  Constitution,  Septemhku  17.  17^7 

Of  how  many  departments  docs  the  go\ern- 
ment  of  the  United  States  consist  I  Hf  three  : 
Legishitive,  Executive,  and  Judicial. 

What  does  the  Constitution  of  the  Tnited 
States  guarantee?  Liberty  of  conscicMice, 
freedom  of  the  press,  and  free(h)m  of  speech. 


80 


CIVICS   AND   PATRIOTISM 


NATURAL!/,  \TI<>\  SI 

"Wlu'ii  was  till'  Declaration  ol'  liKlrpcmlriicc 
made  i     'July  4,  1  77(). 

When  was  the  Constitution  of  tin-  I  iiite(l 
Stati'S  a(lo])te(l  ?      Se])teml)(i-  17,   17^7. 

A\'hen  (lid  the  Constitution  <j:<i  \\\\n  cllcct  '. 
March  4,  1781). 

When  a  forei^-ncr  hecomes  naturalized,  tliis 
act  also  naturjdizes  his  \\\i'v  and  an\'  of"  his 
children  who  are  luuk-r  !\\ent\'-one  \ cars  ot 
age. 


CITIES 

A   MODEL   CITY   AND    HOW    IT   IS   GOVERNED 

If  our  home  is  in  a  citv,  we  should  each 
do  all  we  can  to  make  it  a  model  one.  The 
city  officers  work  liard  to  make  the  city  clean 
and  beautiful,  and  it  is  only  our  duty  to  help 
wherever  we  can. 

There  is  nothing:  more  dismistino-  and  un- 
healthful  than  the  practice  of  spitting  in  the 
streets  and  street  cars.  A  law  has  been 
passed  making  spitting  in  street  cars  a 
misdemeanor.  A  fine  will  have  to  be  paid 
by  any  one  convicted  of  this  offense. 

How  untidy  a  city  looks  when  torn  papers 
are  strewn  about  the  streets  and  parks ! 
Why  not  place  bits  of  paper  in  the  cans  that 
are  provided  for  them?  How  disfigured  a 
city  will  become  if  the  fences  and  walls  are 
covered  with  all  kinds  of  advertisements! 

82 


CITIES 


83 


The  state  <»-ivc'.s  the  citirs  the  rijilit  to  <'(»\ cni 
themselves.  A  charter  is  given  wherein  tluir 
rights  and  })rivih'ges  are  hiid  (h)\\  ii. 

The  lurni  uf  gu\  LTunieiit  of  cities  in  tlic 
United  States  is,  in  a  general  wav,  similar  tn 


City  Hall,  Newark,  N.  J. 

that  of  tlie  nation.  Tlicre  are  always  a  Ic'gis- 
hitixe  brancli,  an  exccuti\e  branch,  and  a 
judicial  l)ranch  of  government. 

The  leu'islative  branch  of  the  citv  is  the 
Council  and  Board  of  Aldermen.  TheCoim- 
cil  is  divided  into  connnittecs,  so  that  business 
can  be  carried  on  easilv. 

Some    of  tlie    connnittecs    are :    The    com- 


84 


CIVICS  AND  PATRIOTISM 


mittee  on  streets,  tlie  committee  on  public 
buildings,  and  the  committee  on  finance. 
The  Mayor  presides  over  the  meetings  of 
the  Council.  He  is  the  chief  executive  officer, 
and  is  elected  by  the  votes  of  the  people. 


Public  Library,  Boston,  Mass. 

The  work  of  taking  care  of  the  business  of 
a  city  is  given  to  different  departments. 

The  treasury  department  has  charge  of  the 
money.  Tlie  health  department  has  charge 
of  the  sanitary  condition,  that  is,  it  tries  to 
make  people  keep  their  houses  clean.  If  a 
contagious  disease  breaks  out  in  a  house,  a 
health   officer  goes  there  and  places  a  card, 


CITIES 


85 


with  till'  iiniiie  of  tlic  discasi',  on  flu-  door. 
This  is  calKMl  (niaraiitiiiliiL;-  tin'  liousc.  'J'lie 
Board  of  IlraUli  tlicii  iiotltics  tht'  schools,  and 
every  child  in  that  house  is  sent  home.      Tlic\' 


City  Hall,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

cannot  return  until  the  card  is  removed  from 
the  door  hv  the  health  otHcer.  When  the 
patient  is  well,  the  health  otficer  auain  o^oes  to 
the  house  and  disinfects  it,  and  the  card  is 
removed  from  the  door. 

The  police   department   sends   out  men  to 
protect  the  city.      They  are  called  polieemeu. 


86 


CIVICS   AND   PATRIOTISM 


In  all  parts  of  the  city  are  placed  fire 
stations  with  men  and  engines  that  are  ready 
at  any  time  to  go  to  a  fire. 

The  street  department  has  to  look  after 
the  condition  of  the  streets. 

The  department  of  education  is  a  very 
important  part  of  the  city's  government. 
The  Board  of  Education  has  charge  of  all 
the  schools  and  teachers  in  the  city.  There 
are  many  other  departments  in  a  large  city 
which  liave  their  own  work  to  do. 


A  Fire  Engine 


LIT  I  i:s  87 

When  Avc  go  to  visit  a  city,  \\r  at  once 
ask  for  the  City  Jlall,  ('ourt  lluiisc,  and 
Lil)rarv.  Throim'lioiit  tlir  cities  of  tlic  I"nit(<l 
States  Ave  Avill  find  many  Ijeautiful  |»iil)lic 
huildings. 

rUOTECTloN    OF    CITIKS 

LiSTHX!  do  you  hear  the  tire  engines  ^lifting 

down  the  street  I 

Look!    here   thev   come.     Tlie    hells    have 


Courtesy  of  the  I'olice  DeparUiiont  of  New  York  Ciiy. 

Precinct  Foot  Patrolman  Inspector 

(viven   them   the   signal,    and   the  tiremen  are 
rushing  out  to  save  lives  and  jjroperty. 

Manv    men    are    ])aid  to    he  ready  at  any 


88  CIVICS  AND   PATRIOTISM 

instant,  day  or  niglit,  to  go  with  steam  fire 
engine  and  hose  and  ladders.  They  save 
people  and  property  from  burning  buildings. 
The  city  also  pays  a  number  of  men  to 
patrol  the  streets.  They  are  called  police- 
men. They  prevent  disorder  and  protect 
lives  and   property. 


OUR    COUNTRYS    FLA(r 


See  tliis  beautiful  flag-  witli  its  stars  and 
stripes. 

AVliat  does  it  tell  us  as  Ave  look  at  it  \ 
Wliat  })ietures  does  it  bring-  to  our  minds  \ 

IIow  many  brave  men  have  fouglit  Aaliantlv 
to  preserve  it  for  tliis  nation  !  Ho^v  many 
lives  were  lost  trying  to  keep  it  from  trailing 
in  tlie  dust ! 


89 


90  CIVICS   AND  PATRIOTISM 

Thousands    and    thousands    of   lives    were 
sacrificed  to  keep  it  for  us. 

Maify  a  mother's  heart 
has  been  broken  as  she  saw 
her  beloved  son  marchino; 
off  to  battle,  maybe  to  die. 
Why  did  they  do  this  1 
They  did  this  to  protect 
their  flag,  the  emblem  of  our 
nation,  and  of  our  freedom. 
Look  back  and  see  how 
many  brave  soldiers  died 
for  this  flag,  and  Avhat  some 
of  them  did  later  to  protect 
this  flag.  Should  we  not, 
then,  give  all  our  strength 
of  body  and  mind  to  make 
this  country  a  grand,  glori- 
ous Union  ? 

We  should  make  it  a 
Union  of  love,  a  Union  of  strength,  and  a  Union 
of  harmony.  We  must  all  work  together  to 
bring  this  about. 


OUR   COUNTRY'S   FLAG 


01 


•iiSr 


The  tlilrtccii  stripes  stand  for  the  thh'teeii 
states  uith  which  our  conntrv  he«i-aii.  The 
forty-six  stars  tell  us  that  our  Union  now  has 
fortv-six  states. 

In  the  spring 
of  1777  Conf>;ress 
ap[)ointe(l  a  eoni- 
niittee  to  decide 
upon  a  suitahle 
fla<^  for  the  na- 
tion. 

]\[rs.  Betsey 
I\oss,  a  milliner, 
was  sn})posed  to 
do  the  finest 
needlework  in 
the  eolonv.  Gen- 
e  r  a  1  Cj}  e  o  r  g  e 
Washington  was 
one  of  the  committee  to  select  a  design  for  the 
flag,  and  he,  with  liobert  ]\lorris,  called  upon 
Mrs.  Ross  one  fine  s))rini>:  dav.  *' We  should 
like  you  to  make  us  a.  flag  from  this  drawing, 


mm i\.\  ' 


t-i  t. 


House  of  Betsey  Ross,  Ahch  Street, 
Philadelphia 


BETSY  Ross's 
First  flag 


92  CIVICS   AND  PATRIOTISM 

Mrs.  Ross,"  said  General  Wasliingtoii.  When 
Betsey  lioss  looked  at  the  drawhig,  she  saw 
that  the  stars  had  six  points.  "Look,"  said 
]\Irs.  Eoss,  "these  stars  have  six  points 
and  a  star  should  have  only  ^ve.^'  She 
folded  a  piece  of  paper,  and  with  one  clip  of 
the  scissors  cut  out  a  five-pointed  star. 
General  Washington  gladly  allowed  her  to 
have  her  own  way  and  make 
the  five-pointed  stars. 

This  flag,  the  first  of  a  nund)er 
that  she  made,  was  cut  out  and 
sewed  in  tlie  back  parlor  of 
her  little  Arch  Street  home  in 
Philadel^ihia.  The  home  of  ]\lrs.  Ross  still 
stands  on  Arch  Street.  Every  day  many 
visitors  come  to  see  the  old  house. 

P^LAG   OF   THE   FREE 

Flag  of  the  free,  fairest  to  see ! 

Borne  thro'  the  strife  and  the  thunder  of  w^ar; 
Banner  so  bright  with  starry  light. 

Float  ever  proudly  from  mountain  to  shore, 


FLACi    t)K    Tin:    I'KKK  93 

Kinblc'in  of  r'rc'cdoin,  liopc  to  tlic  slnvo, 

Sj)n'.'i(l   tliy  fair   tolds    hiit  to   shield   mikI  to 
sa\e, 
Fla^'  of  the  five,  fairest  to  see, 

BoriK'   thro'  the  strife   and    the   tliuinU'r   ot 
war ; 
AVhile  tliro'  the  shy  h)ud  riii^s  tlie  cry, 
Union  and  Liberty!      ( )ne  exerniore! 
Hail  to  the  Fhio-! 

• 
Fhig'  of  the  ))raNe  !  k>ng"  may  it  wa\e, 

Chosen  of  Ood  while  His  niio-ht  we  adore, 
In  Liberty's  van  for  manliood  of  man, 

Symbol   of  liight   thro'  the   years   passing 
o'er ! 
Pride  of  our  country  honored  afar. 

Scatter   each    cloud    tliat    would    darken   a 
star, 
Flap-  of  the  brave !  lono;  mav  it  Avave, 

Chosen  of  (lod  Avhile  Mis  niiuht  we  adore, 
While  thro'  the  skv  loud  rin^s  the  crv. 
Union  and  Libertv  !     One  evermore  ! 
Hail  to  the  Flag! 


GEOGRAPHY 

CITY   OF   WASHINGTON 

Washlngton,  the  capital  of  the  United 
States,  ought  to  be  of  great  interest  to  every 
true  American.  It  was  named  after  Georp-e 
Washington,  our  first  President. 

If  we  turn  to  the  frontispiece  we  see  the 
residence  of  our  President.  The  White 
House  is  very  beautifully  built  and  furnished. 
The  President  entertains  and  receives  visitors 
here.  Each  foreign  country  sends  a  minister 
to  live  in  Washington.  On  New  Year's  Day 
all  the  foreign  ministers  call  upon  the  Presi- 
dent at  the  White  House.  They  all  wear 
their  full  official  dress  or  uniform,  and  make 
a  very  striking  and  attractive  appearance. 

The  Capitol  is  the  building  where  the  men 
meet  who  are  elected  to  make  the  national 
laws.     There  are  many  other  public  buildings. 

94 


CITY   OF   WASHINGTON 


95 


Aiiionjj;  the  more  iin])(>rtant  of  these  govern- 
iiK'iit  buihhiia-s  are  the  J.il)rarv  of  Con";res.s, 
the  National  ^luseiiin,  tlie  JV'iisioii  Office,  the 
State,  War,  and  Navy  l)iiil(hii<2,s,  and  tlie 
Bureau  of  l^rinting  and    Engra\ing.      These 


The  CoNtiKESsiONAL  Library 


buikhno's  are  all  very  interesting'  to  o'o  through 
when  one  is  visitino-  Washino-ton. 

The  Treasury  Luildino;  is  where  all  the 
money  is  kept.  In  the  vaults  of  the  Treasury 
building,  millions  of  dollars'  worth  of  gold 
and  silver  are  stored  and  iruarded  bv  wateh- 


96 


GEOGRAPHY 


men  day  and  night.     The  Treasury    dejiart- 
ment  makes  all  of  our  paper  money. 

There  are  many  more  thmgs  of  interest  in 
Washington.  The  Washington  Monument 
was  built  in  memory  of  George  Washington, 


The  St  v 


\\  \i;  AM)  Xavy  Building 


who  selected  the  site  for  this  beautiful  city. 
This  monument  is  made  of  blocks  of  stone, 
and  is  five  hundred  and  fifty-five  feet  high. 
It  is  the  highest  stone  structure  in  the  world, 
rf  you  wish  to  get  a  good  view  of  the  city, 
you  can  go  up  in  this  monument.  Looking 
down,  you   can    see   hoAv    beautiful   the    sur- 


ciTV  ui'  w  asiiln(;toX 


97 


rouiidiiiU"  coiiiiii-y  Is  and  liow  l)i-();i(l  nrc  the 
strcH'ts,  Mjiiiy  a\i'inu's  arr  niiiniiiL;'  out  in  all 
(lirc'C'tioiis  from  tlu'  cciiter.  These  axcimes 
cross  tlie  streets,  and  at  tliese  erossiii«iS  \'ou 
see  little  })ai"ks,  with  statues  and  fountains 
and  flowers. 

A  little  distance  out  of  the  city  is  ^Tonnt 
Vernon,  the  home  of  George  W  ashington. 
This  is  a  charming  old  southern  mansion, 
standing  on  the  hanks  of  the  Potomac  River. 
^Ian\'  \  isitors  come  here  e\erv  \  ear. 


^^W^^W§^^^S§^^^S^&}jm?:M' ' 


Mt.  Veknon 


NEW   YORK   CITY 

As  we  stand  on  the  ferryboat  at  Jersey 
City  and  look  across  the  river,  what  a  won- 
derful sight  we  see! 
Look  at  the  wide  ex- 
panse of  water  front! 
Look  at  the  tall  buildings 
rising  higher  and  higher ! 
The  sight  is  indeed  very 
magnificent. 

Boats  go  out  from  the 
harbor  of  New  York  to 
all  parts  of  the  world. 
New  Y^ork  carries  on  more 
than  half  the  foreign  trade 
of     our     country.      The 

The  Statue  of  Liberty  in     mOSt     important     CXportS 
New  York  Harbor 

are  meats,  cotton,  petro- 
leum, wheat,  and  flour.  The  larger  part  of 
these  are  sent  to  Great  Britain  and  other 
countries  of  Europe. 


98 


NEW    YOKK    CITY 


00 


Not  onlv  is  Xc'W  York  the  oTcatcst  inaiiii- 
facturiiii'-  citv  of  Aiiicrica,  l)ut  it  is  also  iKjtL'd 
for  its  l)ri(lii,-c'S,  tunnels,  and  other  means  of 
transportation. 

Here  we  See  a  picture  of  the  Brooklyn 
I)ri(l<>e.      This    bridge    connects    Xew    York 


Brooklyn  Bridge  in  New  York  City 


with  lirooklvn.  Street  cars  and  elevated  cars 
run  over  this  hridu'e,  niakinj)-  it  verv  easv  to 
o-et  from  one  side  to  another.  The  newest 
suspension,  hridij^e,  The  Queenshoro,  also  con- 
nects New  York  A\itii  Lon^-  island.  This  is 
also  a  remarkal)le  piece  of  cjio'ineerin<i,-. 

The  most  wonderful   piece   of  enu'ineering 
was  accomplished  when  the  Hudson    Ternn- 


100 


GEOGRAPHY 


nal  System  was  comjjleted.  Underneath  the 
North  River  is  a  tunnel,  Avhich  connects  New 
York  with  Hoboken.  One  can  get  into  a 
train  at  Twenty-third  Street  and  Sixth  Avenue 
and  remain  seated  until  he  reaches  Hoboken. 
These  trains  are  nicely  heated  and  ventilated, 


View  of  Columbia  University 

and    one    can    not    tell    that    he    is  under  a 
great,  deep,  rushing  river. 

The  McAdoo  Tunnel  will  soon  be  com- 
])leted.  This  will  enable  a  person  to  take 
a  seat  in  a  train  at  Thirtv-fourth  Street  and 
ride  out  of  New  York  for  hundreds  of  miles 
without  getting  oif  the  cars.  The  station  at 
Thirty-fourth  Street  covers  many  blocks  of 
New    York's    valuable    land.      When    com- 


NP:W    YoKlv   (JITV 


101 


pli'tt'd,   it    will    he    tlic   largest   station   In   the 
world. 

The  subway  rinminn;  from   the    I'attery  up 
through  Harlem,  the  Jiroiix,  ami  Washington 


A  View  in  Central  Park,  New  York 


Heights  helps  the  trathe  of  New  York  to  a 
very  great  extent.  Tn  addition  to  local  trains 
that  stop  at  every  station,  express  trains  are 
run,   which   stop  at  only  a  few^  stations.     lu 


102 


GEOGRAPHY 


this  way  it  takes  only  about  half  an  hour  to 
get  from  Cortlandt  Street  down  town  to  One 
Hundred  and  Fortieth  Street. 

Columbia  University  is  in  New  York  City. 
This  university  ranks  as   one   of  the  best  in 


Art  Museum,  New  York 

the  country.  It  has  fine  buildings  and  a 
good  corps  of  excellent  professors.  It  is  situ- 
ated on  the  west  side  of  New  York  at  One 
Hundred  and  Sixteenth  Street  and  near 
Amsterdam  Avenue. 

Central  Park  in  New  York  is  very  famous 


NKW    VolMv    CITY 


103 


for  its  IjL'aiitit'iil  tlriw'S  and  c'X<jiiisit(j  .scuirt}'. 
Tlic  ^[usriiin  of  Art  is  here.  'Tliis  miiscnin 
is  tilled  with  many  masterpieces  of  paiiitiii<^s 
and  statnarv. 

In  Brooklyn,  wliicli  is  a  i)art  of  Xew  York, 
we  tind  tlie  I  nited  ^States  Navy  Yard.  Many 
slii})s  are  l)uilt  here. 

The  poj)ulatiou  of  New  York  City  is  over 
four  milhons. 

In  the  i)icturc  on  this  i)ao;e  we  have  a  p^ood 
view  of  the  eomnu'reial  })art  of  New  \'ork 
Citv. 


A  Scene  at  a  J 


THE   METROPOLIS   OF   THE   WEST 

Chicago  is  not  only  the  largest  city  of  the 
West,  but  it  is  also  the  second  city  of  the 
United  States. 

It  was  founded  about  1830,  starting  with  a 
few  huts  in  a  swamp.  Seven  years  later  it 
had  four  thousand  people,  and  it  was  then 
called  a  citv.  In  twenty  years  it  increased 
in  population  to  ninety  thousand. 

The  citizens  then  began  to  show  great 
enterprise.  The  ground  was  very  swampy, 
so  the  people  decided  to  lift  the  city  above 
the  swamps  and  make  it  solid.  They  did 
this  by  bringing  in  ground  from  the  sur- 
rounding country.  They  raised  the  streets 
at  least  ten  feet,  and  put  up  many  beautiful 
buildings. 

Chicago  kept  on  increasing  in  size  until 
1871,  when  a  great  fire  broke  out,  Avhich 
burned  the  city   to  the  ground.     Thousands 

104 


THE   METUOPOLIS   OF   THE    WEST 


H)o 


and  tliousands  of  jjt'oplc  were  left  lioinclcss. 
Tlie  ANork  <»f  iiumv  A'cars  was  (li'sti'oNC*!  in  a 
few  lioin's.  J'eople  from  all  ovw  tlie  AV(»rl(l 
sent  money  to  tlie  people  of  Cliieago.      A  eiy 


Chicago  in  1832 


soon  many  new  homes  were  erected,  and  tlie 
business  section  of  Cliicao-o  was  l)uilt  on  a 
much  lar<i,-er  and  oTander  scale.  AVhere 
wooden  l)uildings  had  been,  brick  and  stone 
took  their  })laces.  Steel  foundations  Avere 
laid,  and  lii<i,h,  massi\e  buildings  reared  upon 
them. 

Nowhere  in  the  world  is  there  a  city  where 


lOG 


GEOGRAPHY 


tlie  parks  and  boulevards  have  been  laid  out 
in  such  a  perfect  system  and  on  sucli  a  grand 
scale.  Each  of  the  three  grand  divisions  of 
Chicago,   north,   west,    and   south,  has   large 


■"Hi  111, 


mriimr 


fiiiirrfflriMmiii 


One  of  the  Buildings  of  Chicago  University 

tracts  of  land  which  furnish  breathing  places 
to  both  rich  and  poor. 

On  the  north  side,  just  north  of  one  of  the 
finest  residential  parts  of  the  city,  and  extend- 
ing for  a  mile  and  a  half  along  the  lake  shore, 
is  Lincoln  Park.     This  park  is  proljably  the 


T]\K  .MF;ri;(U'oi,is  of  tiiI':  wkst 


107 


bust   iinproWMl   and    the   Iji-st   kept   ot"  any   of 
Cliieag-o's     i)arks.       Its    l)c'autil'iil     lawns,     Its 
walks   and    drives,    its   lakes   and   ])(>nds,    and 
its  wealth  <>t'  heantit'ul   lluwers,   all  lend   tu  it 


Lake  Shore  Drive,  Chicago 

eiK'liaiitnicnt.     The  statues  of  many  illustrious 
men  help  to  make  it  intevestino;. 

The  Lake  iShore  Drive,  which  is  really  a 
part  of  Lincoln  Park,  has  been  extended 
northward  alono-  the  lake  shore  so  that  it 
now   connects  with  all  the   suburban    towns. 


108 


GEOGRAPHY 


Among  tlie  memorial  statues  in  this  park  are 

the  heroic    statue    of  Lineohi,    at    the   south 

entrance,  and  the  equestrian  statue  of  Grant. 
Among  the  other  parks  we  have  Humboldt 

Park,   which  is   directly  northwest  from    the 

City  Hall. 
There  are  also 
Garfield  Park, 
Union  Park, 
and  Douglas 
Park.  These 
parks  are  all 
noted  for  their 
tastefully  laid- 
out  grounds, 

which    are    decorated    Avith    many    kinds    of 

flowers  during  the  summer. 

Chicago    University,   although   one   of  the 

vouno;est  in  the  countrv,  is  one  of  the  richest. 

Mr.  Rockefeller,  president  of  the  Standard  Oil 

Company,  has  given    millions  of   dollars  for 

its  support. 

.Chicago  is   the  greatest  lake   port   in    the 


A  Drain  Elevator  in  Chicago 


TllK    .MiaUul'OLlS    UF   THE    WEST  109 

world.  Tt  is  nf  tlic  licnd  of  TiJike  ^MicliiLiaii, 
where',  n-oods  cjiii  most  e;isil\-  lie  shipped  to 
and  from  all  parts  of  tlie  Mississippi  l»i\-er. 
The  })hrms  aliout  ( 'lii('a<i,'o  are  \'er\'  i-ieli. 
Large  coal  fields  are  iieai'  it,  and  iron  from 
the  mountains  is  easily  sent  to  this  j^reat 
eitv.      All   around   it  are  enormous  eoi-ii  and 

a.'' 

Avlieat  fields.  This  makes  Chieau-o  the 
<>-reatest  market  in   tlie  Avorhl  i'ov  i^-rnin. 

The  stock  yards  are  one  of  the  most  in- 
teresting  sights  in  the  counti"\'.  ^leat  is 
killed  and  packed  here  in  Cliicago  to  l»e 
shii)})ed  to  all  parts  of  tlie  United  States 
and  to   J'^urope. 

Let  us  take  a  look  at  the  stock  yards.  They 
are  situated  almost  in  the  center  of  C1iica<>-o. 
The  street  cars  will  take  us  there  for  fiye 
cents.  A\'luMi  we  u'ct  near  the  yards,  an'c  hear 
the  lowinj»*  of  cows  and  the  uruntini'"  of  iiia's. 
There  are  ahout  one  hundred  and  sixty  thou- 
sand animals  in  these  yards  eyery  day.  Jlere 
the  animals  are  kilh'd  and  sent  to  packing 
houses,  which  look  like  large  factories.     Xoth- 


110 


GEOGRAPHY 


ing  is  wasted  here.  The  meat  of  the  animal 
is  packed  in  tins  and  the  bones  are  sorted  and 
made  into  many  things.  The  skull  bones, 
the  jawbones,  and  the  teeth  are  used  by  bone 
burners  and  bone  grinders ;    the  hip  bones, 


Cattle  in  Chicago  Stock  Yards 

horns,  and  shoulder  bones  are  turned  into 
hairpins,  ladies'  combs,  and  buttons.  The 
bones  of  the  thigh  are  used  for  the  handles 
of  tooth  brushes.  The  bones  are  cooked  be- 
fore they  are  sold,  in  order  that  the  marrow 
and  juice  may  be  gotten  out  of  them  for 
making  glue. 

The  hoofs   are  also  used  for  making  glue 


TllK   .ME'niorol.lS   OF   TIIH    WICST 


111 


and  nre'asc.  'J'lie  Ijlood  is  suld  as  a  tiTtilizer. 
TIk'  hides  o-o  to  tlie  taniK^'s,  tlic.  ^\()ol  Ix'iiifr 
})ulled  from  the  sheepskins,  and  the  skins 
afterwards  nsed  for  nnikinji-  ulox'es.  'J1ie 
bristles  of  tlie  hog'  are  made  into  hrnslies. 


A   VISIT   TO   BOSTON 

If  we  were  to  make  a  visit  to  Boston,  we 
should  have  no  trouble  in  getting  there.  Rail- 
roads connect  it  with  all  parts  of  the  United 
States.  Then,  too,  Boston  lies  on  one  of  the 
finest  harbors  of  the  Atlantic  coast.  Many 
articles  manufactured  in  the  Eastern  States 
and  much  farm  produce  are  shipped  to 
Europe  from  this  port. 

On  account  of  its  good  position,  Boston 
ranks  next  to  New  York  in  the  amount  of 
its  foreio-n  commerce.  Eng-land  sends  raw 
material  over  here,  and  the  factories  in  and 
around  Boston  make  this  material  into  arti- 
cles that  are  sold  not  oidv  all  over  the  United 
States,  but  also  sent  back  to  England.  There 
are  about  one  hundred  thousand  people  work- 
ing in  the  factories  in  Boston.  Two  of  the 
leading  industries  are  the  making  of  clothing 
and  fine  machinerv. 

112 


A  VISIT   TO    r.OSTOX 


113 


Some  of  tlu'  l)nsiiic'ss  streets  of  iMJstoii  arc 
narrow  and  crooked.  <  )ii  some  of  the  busi- 
ness streets  we  see  even  larger  crowds  tliaii  in 
New  York.  ]>oston  has  maniiificent  parks 
and  liandsome  streets. 


Commonwealth  Avenue,  Boston 

Boston  (yonniion  is  one  of  its  l)eautiful 
parks.  This  park  is  in  the  heart  of  the  city. 
It  is  surrounded  1)V  mau'niticent  ehn  trees. 
The  State  House  is  near  Boston  Common. 
Its  beautiful  o-olden  dome  mav  be  seen  from 
all  parts  of  Boston.  Connnonwealtli  Avenue 
is  one  of  the  finest  avenues  in  Boston.  It  is 
even    wider    than    Pennsylvania    iVvenue   in 


114 


GEOGRAPHY 


Wasliington.       Many    haiidsoiiie   homes    are 
situated  on  this  avenue. 

On  our  visit  to  Boston,  some  of  the  most  in- 
teresting sights  are  the  okl  historic  buildings. 

We  will  see  Christ 
Church  or  the  Old 
North  Churcli,  where 
the  lanterns  were  hmig 
on  that  night  when  the 
British  soldiers  started 
out  to  inarch  against 
the  Americans  at  Lex- 
in^xton  and  Concord. 

The  lanterns  were 
to  tell  the  Americans 
across  the  river  that 
the  British  were  com- 
ino".  Paul  Revere  rode 
through  the  night  to  every  Middlesex  village 
and  farm,  telling  the  people  to  march  on  to 
Lexington  and  oppose  the  passage  of  the 
British  soldiers  throughout  the  country. 

We  should  also   see   Fanenil  Hall.      This 


*-^ 


The  Old  North  Church 


A   VISIT   TO   BOSTON 


115 


was  iiotcMJ  in  the   l>'('\'(»lntl(>iiar\'  War  as  Ix-iiiji" 
the  ''Cradle  of  Liberty." 

The  city  is  a(h>nie(l  with  many  ])eautif"nl 
statues  and  niuninnents.  The  great  luniker 
TTill   Moninnent   is   in    iiuMnory   of  the   hi-;i\e 

sohhers    wlio  h)st   their  lives  _  

at  iUuiker  llilh 

Some  of  the  Ikevolntionary 
lieroes  are  remembered  wlien 
we  h)ok  at  tlie  statues  of 
A\  asliinii'ton  and   Hamilton. 

The  old  State  House  on 
\Vashinaton  Street  at  the 
liead  of  State  Street  is  one 
of  the  few  huildinii'S  tliat 
Avere  built  before  the  lievolutionary  AA'ar. 
It  is  a  verv  interestinu'  historieal  l)uihhni»', 
for  it  was  here  "the  ehild  Independence  was 
born."  A\  itliin  a  few  feet  of  its  doors  occurred 
the  "  Boston  ^lassacre." 

Among;  its  manv  schools  of  learnino-  we 
have  Boston  University,  l)oston  College,  and 
the  world-famous  Harvard  Universitv,  which 


Faneuil  Hall 


116 


GEOGEAPHY 


is  situated  near  Boston.  It  is  interesting  to 
know  that  Harvard  University  was  founded 
by  the  very  early  settlers  of  Boston.  These 
settlers  were  very  poor,  and  could  barely  main- 
tain   the     school,    but 


4  S'<  feiiiiffSI-l^ 


their  desire  was  to 
found  a  college  so  that 
the  coming  generation 
would  not  grow  up  in 
ignorance.  To-day 
Harvard  University 
ranks    as    one    of    the 


Old  State  House  in  Boston 


W\  'i^-^-vf-^T^r'  j^S^^  ''    ^^est  in  the  country. 
1^'  I,.  :^Jf^|it^4Wl         The  libraries  of  Bos- 


ton  are  among  the 
points  of  interest. 
Boston  has  one  of  the 
largest  public  libraries 
for  free  circulation  in  tlie  world,  and  this 
library  is  housed  in  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
public  buildings  in  the  country.  Not  only  is 
the  outside  of  this  buildinor  beautiful,  but  the 
inside  is  adorned  with  magnilicent  paintings. 


A   VISIT   TO    I'.OSTON" 


]i: 


Aiiionji;  tlic  otluT  lUtrarics  in  l)()stnn  are 
tlic  C^)ntirc'<>ati()iial  I^ihrarv,  r)(>st(Hi  ^Medical 
Lil)rar\'  and  the  J^il)rarv  of  tlic  .Massacliusctts 
Historical  8ocietv.  Tlie  Miiseiiin  of  line 
Arts  in  ]k)stoii  is  one  of  the  finest  museums 
in  the  Avorld. 

!Many  authors,  nuisicians,  and  artists  have 
li\'ed  and  (hcd  in  or  near  Boston. 


View  from  Stock  Exchanck  I^imi.dinc;,   Boston 

(Note  the  State  House  dome  at  the  left,  and  the  Old  State  House  in  the 

foreground.) 


NEW   ORLEANS 

New  Okle^vns  is  tlie  largest  city  of  the 
South.  It  is  also  one  of  the  twelve  greatest 
cities  ill  the  United  States. 


Lafayette  Square,  New  Orleans 

New  Orleans  lies  on  both  banks  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  about  one  hundred  miles 
from  its  mouth.  It  is  completely  surrounded 
by  levees  to  protect  it  from  the  high  water  in 
the  river. 

118 


NKW   OKLKANS 


110 


Many  ])('()|)1('  in  Xi-w  <  )^l(^•nl^^  s])('.'il<  I'l-cndi. 
Wlu'ii  Anicricji  was  lifst  settled,  a  hand  of 
French  peojjle  came  omt  and  settle(l  tliis  ])art 
of  tlie  eoiiiitry.  Now  yoii  will  iiiid  some  of 
their  (k'seeiuhiiits  h\  in<i,-  there. 


Cotton  Plant 


It  has  a  fine  harhor  and  does  a  hiro-e  amount 
of  tradlno-  with  Cuha  and  forei<2,n  comitries. 
New  Orleans  is  one  of  the  <>Teatest  cotton, 
suo-ar,  and  rice-shippino;  cities  in  the  country. 


120 


GEOGRAPHY 


The  plantations  around  New  Orleans  raise 
cotton  in  abundance  and  send  it  to  New 
Orleans  to  be  shipped  to  all  parts  of  the 
world. 

The  cotton  is  separated  from  the  seed  by 


A  Cotton  Field 

means  of  a  machine  called  a  cotton  gin.     It 
is  then  sent  to  a  compress  to  be  pressed  into 

bales. 

A  large  plantation  of  cotton  just  as  it  is 
bursting  from  the  pod  is  a  very  magnificent 
sight. 


NEW   ORLEANS 


IL'I 


The  plantation  looks  like  a  downy,  wliite 
l)e(l  when  the  pods  have  bnrst.  Kndjedded 
in  these  balls  of  eotton  are  nianv  little  seeds. 
These  seeds  stick  very  tig'ht,   but  they  must 


h  n  n  M  M 

^  -V  ^  /I,  ^  ^  ^1^>L-I^£?J 


^-i 


Bales  of  Cotton  ready  fok  Shipment 

be  all  stripped  off  before  the  cotton  can  be 
made  into  cloth. 

At  one  time  it  took  a  neoTo  a  whole  dav  to 
pick  off  the  seeds  from  a  single  pound  of  cot- 
ton. This  AN'as  the  reason  it  did  not  pay  the 
planters  to  raise  cotton. 

Eli  A\  liitney,  a  youn^  schoolmaster,  hi- 
vented  a  machine   Avhich  he   called  a  cottou 


122  GEOGRAPHY 

gin.  This  gill  cleans  the  seeds  out  of  the 
cotton.  It  can  clean  as  much  cotton  in 
one  day  as  a  thousand  slaves  could  do  by 
hand. 

The  cotton  gin  increased  the  raising  of  cot- 
ton. Plantation  after  plantation  was  soon 
covered  with  cotton,  and  many  mills  were 
built  in  the  iiortli  to  make  the  cotton  into 
cloth. 


CALIFORNIA 

The  most  Avt'stcru  state  of  the  Union  is 
Califoriiici.  A\  ho  would  not  like  t(^  ^■isit  Cali- 
fornia, and  see  its  niaa'nifieent  valleys  filled 
^vith  oran<»-e  and  lemon  <>Toves !  How  hi-auti- 
fill  are  its  vineyards ! 

Eow  after  row  of  lar<i,'e,  luscious  grapes 
hann:  on  the  vines!  Delicious  fruits  of  all 
kinds  are  raised  here. 

In  southern  C^ilifornia  the  weatlier  is  al- 
wavs  halmv  and  Avarm.  The  soft  breeze  of 
the  valley  sends  a  deliji'litful  thrill  tlu'ouo-li 
the  blood. 

C^alifornia  sends  large  (juantities  of  wool, 
Avheat,  and  fruit  all  over  tlie  world.  In  addi- 
tion to  its  fertile  valleys,  which  produce  so 
much  fruit,  California  can  boast  of  its  large 
mines.  Nearly  one  fifth  of  all  tlie  gold  mined,^ 
in   the  United   States  comes  from  California. 

123 


124 


GEOGRAPHY 


We  also  get  a  quantity  of  quicksilver  from 
California. 

Some  of  the  leading  industries  are  flour  and 
lumber,  milling,  tanning  of  leather,  wine  mak- 
ing, fruit  preserving,  and  shipbuilding. 


View  in  Westlake  Park,  Los  Angeles,  Califuknia 

San  Francisco,  the  largest  city,  lies  in  a 
fine,  deep  harbor  on  the  beautiful  bay  of  San 
Francisco.  This  harbor  affords  much  trading 
witli  Japan,  China,  Australia,  and  the  Pacific 
islands. 


NEW   JERSEY 

ALTiTOixni  New  Jersey  is  one  of  the 
smallest  states  in  tlie  Union,  yet  it  is  very 
important. 

Paterson,  with  its  extensive  silk  mills,  and 


t_  V.'  ■   V-.. 


UlL^l^ 


£ii^^':^.^-5M 


Worsted  Mills,  Passaic 

Newark,  with  its  many  factories,  are  two  large 
leading-  cities  of  the    United    States.      From 
these  two  cities  we  p-et  manv  articles.    Passaic 
is  another  im])ortant  mannfacturino;  citv. 
Some  of  the  things  are  silk,  pottery,   cast- 


125 


126 


GEOGRAPHY 


iron  pipes,  leather,  macliineiy,  jewelry,  trunks, 
shoes,  and  thread.     These  are  but  a  few  of  the 
many  articles  manufactured  in  these  cities. 
Jersey  City,  although  in  this  state,  is  prac- 


Weave  Room  in  a  Paterson  Silk  Mill 

tically  part  of  New  York  City.     This  city  has 
also  very  extensive  factories. 

In  the  southern  part  of  New  Jersey  are 
large  gardens,  where  very  choice  vegetables 
and  fruits  are  raised.     New  York  City  is  one 


NEW   .IKIJSEV 


of  tlu'  inaiiv  luarkc'ts  fur  these  cliuicc  fruits. 
The  hir^'c  cities  in  tin's  state  are  also  sni)pli('d 
from  these  southern  u'ardens. 


U.NE    Ul'      iKl,-NiU.N\^    Ma.NV    PoTT  KKIK.S 

A  very  important  part  of  Jersey  is  its  sea- 
coast.  There  are  many  seashore  places  all 
alone:  this  coast.  At  Asburv  Park  thousands 
and  thousands  of  people  congregate  from  all 
parts  of  the  United  States.  Further  south  is 
Atlantic  Citv.  This  is  the  laro-est  sununer 
resort  in  the  United  States. 


128 


GEOGRAPHY 


Any  day  during  the  summer  we  can  see 
many  thousands  of  people  bathing  in  the 
beautiful  surf  that  lies  around  Atlantic  City. 
This  city  is  a  popular  resort  at  any  time  of  the 
year,  for  many  people  go  to  Atlantic  City 
when  they  are  broken  down  in  health  and 
need  the  ocean  breezes  and  rest. 

In  the  southern  i)art  of  tlie  state  is  the  citv 
of  Trenton.  This  is  the  capital  of  the  state, 
and  here  tlie  state  laws  are  made.  The  capi- 
tol,  which  is  a  large  building,  is  shown  below. 


The  State  Capitol,  at  Trenton 


HEALTH   AXD   SAXITATIOX 

TREATMENT  OF  TUBERCULOSIS 

Ix  olden  times  doctors  thought  it  a  most 
natural  thing  for  people  to  have  smallpox. 
They  thouo-ht  tliat  it  was  a  disease  due  to 
the  impurities  of  the  blood,  and  if  the  patient 
did  not  get  rid  of  these  impurities  he  would 
die.  Now  smallpox  in  its  dread  form  has 
become  little  more  than  a  memory.  Con- 
sumption  will  certainly  follow  its  example. 

A  person  who  thinks  that  he  has  consump- 
tion should  as  soon  as  possible  go  to  a  })hysi- 
cian  and  follow  his  advice.  This  new  "Word 
of  Power,"  the  open-air  treatment,  alone  has 
changed  one  of  the  most  hopeless  and  painful 
diseases  into  one  of  the  most  cheerful  and 
hopeful. 

No  lono'cr  need  the  familv  doctor  hesitate 
to  tell  his  patient  that  his  symptoms  are  those 
of  consumption.      Instead  of  shrinking  from 

K  129 


130 


HEALTH  AND   SANITATION 


pronouncing  the  patient's  doom,  lie  knows  now 
that  he  has  everything  to  gain  and  nothing  to 
lose  by  promptly  warning  him  of  his  danger, 
even  while  the  result  is  still  doubtful. 

On  the    other  hand,   the   patient  need  no 


Raybrook  Sanitarium,  Adirondacks  —  Sleepinu  out  in  Summer 

longer  recoil  in  horror  when  told  that  he  has 
consumption.  He  should  at  once  begin  to 
fight  it  vigorously,  and  the  chances  are  five 
to  one  in  his  favor.  Certainly  that  is  a  good 
fighting  chance. 

There  is  nothing  magical  about  the  cure; 
simply   rest,  nutritious   food,  and   plenty    of 


1 


TREATMKXT   OF  TUBERCULOSIS 


131 


fresh  air.  If  lie  reallv  has  tlie  (hsease,  the 
treatment  will  cure  it.  If  he  has  not  got  it, 
the  treatment  will  prevent  it,  and  the  oain  in 


Raybkook  Sanitarium,  Adirondacks  —  On  thk  Porch  in 

Cold  Weather 

vigor,  weight,  and  general  improvement  will 
more  than  pay  him  for  the  time  lost  from  his 
bushiess. 


132  HEALTH  AKD   SANITATION 

It  is  not  drugs,  but  the  open  air  and  bright 
sunshine  that  will  bring  about  the  cure. 

If  the  whole  world  could  be  placed  upon  a 
moderate  form  of  open-air  treatment,  it  would 

* 

be  vastly  improved  in  health  and  vigor. 
Then,  too,  the  large  sums  of  money  spent  on 
hospitals  would  be  saved. 

This  is  the  real  goal  of  the  far-sighted  lead- 
ers in  our  campaign  against  tuberculosis :  to 
use  the  cure  of  consumption  as  a  lever  to  raise 
to  a  higher  plane  the  health,  vigor,  and  happi- 
ness of  the  entire  community. 

The  open-air  sanatorium  is  not  only  valu- 
able as  a  cure  for  consumptive  patients,  but 
it  shows  to  the  world  the  value  of  fresh  air 
and  sunshine. 

It  shows  what  correct  health  conditions  will 
do  for  the  entire  community  if  they  will  but 
follow  them. 

Tlie  ultimate  result  of  the  sanatorium  will 
be  to  turn  every  farmhouse,  every  village, 
every  city  into  an  open-air  resort.  This  Avill 
take  time,  but  by  1930  we  shall  see  such  a  rapid 


TREATMENT   OF   TUP.EIK^ULOSIS  133 

a(l\'aiu'0    in    tliis   (lircctloii    tliat   tlicrc   will   1)0 
little,  it'  any,  consuinptlon. 

(V)iisuin])tion  is  spread  l)y  oareloss  spitting. 
Spittle  on  the  floors  of  rooms,  lialls,  stores, 
and  ears,  dries,  and  then  it  will  certainly  l)e 
])reathed  in  tlie  t'onn  of  dust.  One  should  he 
very  careful  ahout  this. 


HOW    TO    KEEP    WELL    AND    PREVENT    COX- 
SUMPTION 

Atk,  air,  air,  is  the  cry!  Plenty  of  it,  and 
fresh  and  unpolluted.  I3e  out  in  tlie  sunshine 
as  much  as  possible.  The  two  most  essential 
thing's  to  good  health  are  fresh  air  and  sun- 
shine. Do  not  he  afraid  of  the  air  if  it  is 
damp  and  colo,  for  if  the  skin  is  kept  warm 
no  harm  will  l)e  done. 

Night  air  is  as  good  as  day  air.  A  person 
should  hreathe  oidy  through  the  nose.  Try 
to  a^'oi(l  rooms  that  are  hot,  crowded,  dusty, 
and  damp. 

Liye  on  plain  food  and  eat  regularly.    A\  hen 


134 


HEALTH  AND  SANITATION 


eating,  chew  the  food  well  and  slowly.     Ice- 
water  is  not  beneficial. 

The  window  of  a  bedroom  slionld  be  open 
when  sleeping.  One  should  never  sleep  in 
a  bed  when  the  clothing  is  damp.  Both  wet 
feet  and  damp  clothing  are  very  injurious. 


STOiUES  AND  a:^ecdotes 

THE  COURAGEOUS  TRAVELERS 

A  GENTLEMAN  wlio  luul  travokMl  in  Africa 
told  liis  friends  that  lie  and  his  servant  once 
made  tifty  Arabs  run. 

All  who  heard  the  remark  were  amazed. 
"  How  did  you  manao-e  it  I "  asked  one. 

"  Oh,  it  was  nothino-  very  wonderful," 
replied  the  traveler.  *'  We  ran,  and  they  ran 
after  us." 

THE   BELL   OF   JUSTICE 

Ix  a  villao'e  of  Ttalv,  vears  a<>o  a  p-ood  kino- 
hung  a  bell  in  the  market  place  and  covered 
it  with  a  shelterino;  roof.  Then,  call  in  12;  his 
people  together,  he  told  tliem  Avliat  he  had 
done.  "  This  is  the  bell  of  justice,"  he  said. 
"  Whenever  a  wronrr  is  done  to  anv  man,  I 
will  call  the  judges  to  make  it  riglit,  —  if  he 
but  rin<>-s  the  j^reat  bell  in  the  square." 

With  so  good  and  just  a  king  the  people 

135 


13G  STORIES   AND  ANECDOTES 

of  tlie  village  lived  happily.  The  bell  called 
the  judge,  whenever  wrong  was  done,  and  he 
heard  all  complaints.  After  many  years  the 
bell  rope  was  worn  aAvay  by  use.  It  hung 
out  of  reach  until  some  one,  passing  by, 
mended  it  with  a  wild  vine. 

Now  it  liappened  that  a  famous  knight 
dwelt  in  the  village.  Wlien  he  was  young, 
he  had  many  hounds  and  horses,  and  spent 
his  time  in  hunting  and  feasting,  but  Avhen  he 
became  an  old  man  he  had  no  love  for  anv- 
thing  but  gold.  So  he  sold  his  hounds,  gave 
up  his  rich  gardens,  and  kept  but  one  horse, 
that  starved  in  the  stable. 

At  length  he  became  so  greedy  and  selfish 
that  he  grudged  the  poor  horse  his  scanty 
food,  and  turned  him  out  to  feed  in  the  streets. 
The  poor  creature  wandered  about,  uncared 
for,  unfed,  and  forsaken. 

One  summer  afternoon,  as  the  people  dozed 
in  their  houses,  they  heard  the  sound  of  the 
bell  of  justice.  The  judge  hastened  to  the 
market  place,  where  the  great  bell  Avas  ringing. 


TUK    P.KLL    OK   JUSTICK  Vi] 


"  AVho  liatli  l)een  wroiiu'cd  I  "  lie  asl^cd.  ]*nt, 
reacliinu"  tlie  l)(.'ltV\',  lie  saw  oiilv  the  starxiiiji; 
liorse,  strn<»'<»"liiiu'  to  reacli  the  vine,  w  hich  had 
been  tied  to  the  hell  rope. 

"Ah,"  said  the  jii<l<j,'e,  "  tlie  steed  ])leads 
his  cause  well,  lie  lias  been  forsaken  by  the 
master  avIioiu  he  ser\'ed,  and  he  asks  for 
justice. 

Thepeopleliad  o-athered  in  the  market  ])lace, 
and  amono-  them  Avas  the  kni^^ht.  The  judge 
spoke  gravely. 

"  Here  comes  the  steed  who  served  his 
master  well,  vet  who  was  abandoned  and  for- 
gotten.  He  pleads  for  justice,  and  the  law 
decrees  that  the  man  whom  he  served  shall 
provide  him  with  foovl  and  shelter,  that  he 
may  abide  in  comfort." 

The  knight,  ashamed,  led  his  faithful  horse 
home.  The  king  approved  the  righteous 
judgment,  saying:  "My  bell  indeed  may  be 
called  the  bell  of  justice.  Tt  })leads  the  cause 
even  of  the  dumb,  who  cannot  s})eak  for 
themselves." 


138 


STORIES   AND   ANECDOTES 


THE   HARE    AND   THE   TORTOISE 

A  HARE  one  day  met  a  tortoise  who  was 
plodding  slowly  along.  ''Ho,  ho,"  laughed 
the  hare,  "you  are  a  slow  and  stupid  fellow. 


,:"'tr:-  .^  -.\ 


"  He  lay  down  for  a  Nap  " 

What  a  long  time  it  takes  you  to  get  any- 
where." 

The  tortoise  laughed,  too.  "You  are  as 
swift  as  the  wind,  and  a  line  fellow  as  well. 
But  stupid  as  I  am,  I  can  beat  you  in  a  race." 

"Impossible,"  cried  the  hare. 

"Let  us  try,"  said  the  tortoise. 

"What  shall  be  our  <>-oair'  asked  the  hare. 


T1I1<:   ANT   AND   THE   GRASSllOlM'KR  i;;<) 

''The  old  })ine  tree  ])y  tlie  cross  roads," 
said  the  tortoise. 

"Agreed,"  said  the  hare. 

Away  sped  the  liare.  The  tortoise  jdodded 
steachlv  ah)iiu'.  \\  lieii  the  hare  had  run 
awhih'  at  tlie  top  of  his  speed,  lie  sto])])ed 
a  nionieiit  to  iiihhle  some  clover,  it  tasted 
so  o;ood  tliat  he  ate  more  and  more.  Tlieii, 
being  tired,  he  lay  down  for  a  nap. 

The  tortoise  still  plodded  along,  tnrning 
neither  to  tlie  riuht  nor  to  the  left.  AVlieii 
the  lazy  hare  awoke  and  remenihered  tlie 
race,  he  s})ed  to  the  })ine  tree  hy  tiie  cross 
roads,  only  to  tind  the  patient  tortoise  there 
before  him. 

Some  peo[)le  are  like  the  hare  and  some  are 
like  the  tortoise. 

THE    ANT   AND   TIIE    GRASSHOPPER 

One  winter  day  a  hnngry  grasshopper  went 
to  an  ant  to  get  something  to  eat.  She  knew 
that  the  ant  had  worked  all  summer,  and  had 
stored  away  a  great  su})})ly  of  food. 


140  STORIES    AND   ANEGDOTi:^ 

"Good  morning,  friend  ant,"  said  the  grass- 
hopper. 

''Good  morning,  neighbor  grasshopper," 
rephed  the  ant. 

"  It  is  a  eold  morning,"  said  the  grass- 
hopper. 

"A  very  cokl  morning,"  answered  the 
ant. 

"I  am  very  hmigry,"  hinted  the  grass- 
hopjDer. 

"I  am  sorry,"  returned  the  ant. 

Said  the  grasshopper,  "1  have  no  food." 

"Why  notr'  asked  the  ant. 

"T  had  no  time  to  get  any,"  replied  the 
grasshopper. 

"Wliat  did  you  do  all  summer?"  the  ant 
asked. 

"I  sang  all  summer,"  answered  the  grass- 
hopper. 

"Then  you  must  dance  all  winter,"  said  the 
ant.  "Those  who  wdll  not  work  should  not 
ear. 


Tin-:    LITTU:    MATCH    CIKL  141 

Till-:    J.ITTLE   MATCH    (illlL.    ! 

Tt  was  tc'iTil)ly  cold;  it  snowed  and  was 
almost  dark,  on  this,  the  last  excninij,-  of  the 
Year.  Tn  the  cold  and  darkness,  a  ixx)!'  little 
jvirl,  with  bare  head  and  naked  feet,  went 
along'  the  streets. 

When  she  left  home  she  had  sli})])ers  on 
her  feet;  but  what  of  thati  The  sli})})ers 
had  once  been  her  mother's;  thev  were  far 
too  large  for  the  child. 

So  the  little  girl  lost  them  as  she  sped 
across  the  street  to  o-et  out  of  the  Avav  of 
two  carts,  Avhich  Avere  (lri\in<i:  furiouslv  alonjj;. 
One  slipper  was  not  to  be  found  again,  and 
a  boy  had  cauglit  up  the  other  and  had  run 
away  with  it.  And  the  little  girl  had  to 
Avalk  with  naked  feet,  which  were  blue  with 
cold. 

In  a  red  apron  she  carried  a  lot  of  matches, 
and  held  a  l)ox  of  them  in  her  hand.  No  one 
had  bouo'ht  anvthino;  of  her  the  livelong:  dav: 
no  one  had  given  her  a  penny. 


142  STOEIES   AND   ANECDOTES 

Shivering  with  cokl  and  liunger,  she  crept 
along,  poor  httle  thing,  a  picture  of  misery. 
The  snowflakes  covered  her  beautiful  fair  hair, 
Avliich  fell  in  long  tresses  about  her  neck,  but 
she  did  not  think  of  tliat  now. 

Lights  were  shining  in  all  the  windows,  and 
there  was  a  tempting  smell  of  roast  goose,  for 
it  was  New  Year's  Eve.  Yes,  she  was  think- 
ing of  that. 

In  a  corner  formed  by  two  houses,  one 
of  which  projected  beyond  the  other,  she 
crouched  down  in  a  little  heap.  Although 
she  had  drawn  her  feet  up  under  her,  she 
became  colder  and  colder. 

She  dared  not  go  home,  for  she  had  not 
sold  any  matches,  nor  earned  a  single  penny. 
Slie  would  certainly  be  beaten  by  her  father; 
and  it  was  cold  at  home,  too.  Above  them 
they  had  only  the  roof  through  which  the 
wind  whistled,  although  the  largest  cracks 
had  been  stopped  up  with  straw  and  rags. 

Her  hands  w^ere  almost  numb  with  cold. 
One  little  match  might  do  her  good.     If  she 


TITR   LITTLE    MATCH    rilllL 


143 


dared  take  oiilv  one  out  of  tlie  box,  strike  it 
on    the   Avail,    and    warm 
her  finu'crs. 

She  took  one  out  and 
ht  it.  Tlow  it  sputtered 
and  Lurned.  It  was  a 
warm,  bright  flame,  like 
a  little  candle,  when  she 
held  her  hand  over  it; 
it  was  a  wonderful  little 
lio'ht,  and  it  really  seemed 
to  the  child  as  though  she 
were  sittino;  in  front  of  a 
great  iron  stove. 

How  the  fire  burned 
up,  and  how  nicely  it 
warmed  her!  The  little 
mrl  was  already  stretch- 
ing  out  her  feet  to  warm 
those  too,  when  out  Avent 
the  little  flame,  the  stove 
vanished,  and  she  had  only  the  end  of  a  burnt 
match  in  her  hand.     It  thrcAv  a  light  upon  the 


'•  It  was  a  Warm,  Bright 
Flame  " 


144  STORIES   AND   ANECDOTES 

wall,  and  where  this  fell,  the  wall  became 
transparent  like  a  veil.  She  could  see  right 
into  the  room. 

A  white  tablecloth  was  spread  upon  the 
table,  which  was  decked  with  shining  china 
dishes,  and  there  was  a  glorious  smell  of  roast 
goose,  stuffed  with  apples  and  dried  plums. 
Just  at  that  moment,  out  went  the  match,  and 
only  the  thick,  damp,  cold  wall  was  left. 

THE    LITTLE   MATCH    GIRL.    II 

Then  the  little  girl  lighted  another  match, 
and  at  once  she  sat  under  the  beautiful  C^irist- 
mas  tree.  It  was  nuich  laro-er  and  better 
dressed  than  the  one  she  had  seen  through 
the  glass  door  at  the  rich  mercliant's  home. 

The  green  bouglis  were  lit  up  with  thou- 
sands of  candles,  and  gayly  painted  figures, 
like  those  in  the  shop  windows,  looked  down 
upon  her.  The  little  girl  stretched  out  her 
hands  towards  them  and  out  went  the  match. 

The  Christmas  candles  rose  hio^her  and 
higlier,  till    they  were   only  the  stars  in  the 


TIIK    MTTLE   MATCH    CIKL  1  l-" 

skv.      One  of  tlicin  fell,    lca\inLi-  a  ]<n\<s,   ficrv 

«/  ... 

trail  belli  11(1  it. 

''NuwsoiiK'  one  is  dvinu","  tluMiLilit  tlic  little 
p-irl ;  for  slie  li.*ul  been  told  by  her  ^raiid- 
mother  —  tlie  only  person  slie  liad  e\ cr  lo\'ed, 
and  ^^llo  was  now  dead  —  that  when  a  star 
falls  a  soul  goes  up  to  heaven. 

The  little  u'irl  struek  another  uiatch  on  the 
Avail  ;  it  was  aliuht  onee  more,  and  ])efore  her 
stood  her  old  grandiiujther,  all  dazzling  and 
bright,  and  looking  very  kind  and  lo\lng. 

''  Grandmother,"  cried  the  little  girl,  "  oh, 
take  me  with  you.  1  know  that  \'ou  will  go 
away  Avhen  the  match  is  burnt  out.  You  will 
vanish  like  the  warm  stove,  like  the  beautiful 
roast  goose,  and  the  large,  splendid  Christmas 
tree." 

And  she  quickly  lighted  the  wliole  box  of 
matches,  for  she  did  not  Avish  to  let  her  grand- 
mother jxo.  The  matches  l)unu'(l  with  such  a 
blaze  that  it  was  lighter  than  day,  and  the  old 
grandmother  had  never  appeared  so  beautiful 
or  so  lovelv  before, 


146  STORIES   AND    ANECDOTES 

Taking  the  little  girl  in  her  arms,  she  flew 
up  with  her,  high,  endlessly  high,  above  the 
earth.  And  there  thev  knew  neither  cold 
nor  hunger,  nor  sorrow  —  for  tliej  were  with 
God. 

—  Hans  Christian"  Andeksen. 


TIiRi:i:    GREAT    INVENTIONS 

Tbp^UK  is  no  (l()ul)f  t1i;it  tlircc  of  <»nr  most 
woiirlert'iil  iiiNt'iitions  are  the  teleji,'rapli,  the 
telephone,   ami   wireless    telegraph}'. 

THE    TELEGRArH 

Bkn.iamix  Fka^\klix,  l)V  means  of  his 
wonderful  kite,  jiroved  tliat  liu'litninix  and 
electricity  are  the  same.  Just  a])out  one  vear 
after  Benjamhi  Frankhn  died  there  was  born 
Samuel  Morse,  tlie  man  who  diseo\'ered  how 
to  control  electricitv  so  tliat  it  could  carry 
messages  to  all  parts  of  the  world 

Samuel  Morse  wcu'ked  for  many  years  on 
his  invention  of  the  teleiiTai)h.  lie  was  a 
poor  man,  and  it  took  many  thousands  ot 
dollars  to  make  a  telegraph  line  from  W  a>h- 
inu'ton  to  Jndtimore. 

Professor   Morse    asked    Congress    to    help 

117 


148  MISCELLANEOUS 

him,  hut  at  first  tlie  members  of  Congress 
Laughed  at  the  idea.  They  said,  "  You  might 
as  well  trv  and  build  a  railroad  to  the 
moon." 

Weeks  and  weeks  went  by,  but  still  Con- 
gress would  not  grant  the  money.  On  the 
third  day  of  March,  1843,  Professor  Morse 
stayed  in  the  Senate  Chamber  all  day  and  did 
not  go  home  until  ten  o'clock.  He  was  very 
much  discouraged,  thinking  that  he  must 
give  up  trying  to  build  his  telegraph  line. 
But  the  next  morning  he  was  surprised  and 
delighted  to  hear  that  Congress  had  decided 
to  give  him  the  money. 

In  the  spring  of  1844  the  line  between 
Washington  and  lialtimore  was  completed. 
For  nearly  a  year  after  that  the  telegraph 
was  free  to  all  who  wished  to  use  it.  Then 
a  small  charp-e  was  made,  a  verv  short  mes- 
sage  costing  only  one  cent.  To-day  there 
are  nearly  a  million  of  miles  of  telegraph  line 

• 

in  the  United  States,  and  the  messages  sent 
bring  in  al)out  eighty  thousand  dollars  a  day. 


THREE   GREAT   INVENTIONS 


149 


150 


MISCJELLANEOUS 


THE    TELEPHONE 

Eyeky  one  has  no  doubt  spoken  through 
the  telephone.  What  a  wonderful  thmg  it  is, 
to  sit  in  your  parlor,  pick  up  the  telephone 
receiver,  and  hear  what  a  person  in  Chicago 
has  to  saY.  The  sound  of  the  voice  is  so 
distinct  that  vou  would  almost  think  it  came 
from  the  next  room.  This  wonderful  inven- 
tion was  given  us  by  Mr.  Alexander  (irraham 
Bell,  a  teacher  in  an  institution  in  Boston  for 
deaf  and  dumb  people. 

Mr.  Bell  began  his  invention  in  1874,  but 
did  not  complete  it  until  1876.  It  is  a  matter 
of  history  that  ]Mr.  Bell  has  been  given  great 
honors,  not  only  for  the  invention  of  the  tele- 
phone, but  for  his  other  inventions. 


WIRELESS    TELEGRAPHY 

Who  that  is  livino:  to-daY  has  not  heard  of 
that  wonderful  young  inventor,  GuglielmO; 
or  William,  Marconi  ? 

Marconi  was  only  a  young  boy  when  he 


'I'llKKK    CKKAI'    l.WKNl'loXS  l.".! 

first  be<i,-aii  to  dn'Min  of  scikThil!,-  tclcj^-rapli  incs- 
sa<»vs  Avithout  wiivs.  Ik'  was  not  tw  rnt\-<»iie 
wIk'U  lie  ^^■('llt  ii])  to  London  tVnm  liis  (juict 
couutrN'  lioini'  in  Italy  to  tell  tlic  world  ahoul 
{)\\v  of  the  LiTcati'st  inwiitions  of  tlic  ccntnrN'. 
A  little  later  this  boy  had  set  up  an  appa- 
ratus that  wouhl  send  niessa^vs  throu;^'h  the 
ah',  throu«j.-h  walls,  throuu'h  houses  and  towns, 
and  e\'eu  thronu'li  mountains.  The  instru- 
ments cost  very  little  to  make. 

The  first  test  of  ^larconi's  wonderful  inven- 
tion was  made  between  Enghuid  and  f^-anee, 
})\\t  now  ^Fr.  Marconi  has  estahlislu'd  a  con- 
nection between  KuLiland  and  America.  If  a 
ship  is  in  the  Athmtic  Ocean  and  is  in  dis- 
tress, it  can  signal  to  land  i'ov  help.  Xo 
matter  how  many  miles  out  to  sea  it  niay  be, 
it  is  alwavs  in  connnunication  with  the  land 
if  it  has  the  "Marconi  Wireless"  apparatus 
on  board. 

Alreadv  manv  lives  have  been  saved  at  sea 
1)V  the  ship's  using  the  wiri'less  to  signal  for 
help  when  it  was  in  distress.     This  invention 


152 


MISCELLANEOUS 


makes  it  almost  as  safe  to  travel  by  sea  as  by 

land. 

William  Marconi  was  born  in  Italy,  and 
was  educated  there,  but  he  is  half  English, 
as  his  mother  was   an  Eno;lishwoman. 


THOMAS   A.    EDISON 

Who  has  not  heard  of  the  greatest  of 
American  inventors,  Thomas  A.  Edison  ? 
He  was  born  in  Ohio,  but  spent  much  of 
liis  bovhood  in  the  state  of  Michigan.  His 
people  were  poor,  and  when  he  was  young 
he  was  forced  to  earn  his  own  living  by  selling 
papers  on  the  trains. 

One  day  the  station  master's  little  child 
was  playing  on  the  tracks.  A  freiglit  train 
was  drawing  near,  and  if  it  had  not  been  foi 
young  Edison's  bravery,  the  child  would  have 
been  killed.  He  sprang  forward  and  dragged 
the  child  from  the  track  before  the  train 
rushed  by.  The  father  of  the  child  wished  to 
reward  Edison,  so  he  offered  to  teach  him 
telegraphy.      This    delighted    the    boy   very 


THREE   GREAT   INVENTIONS  153 

iimcli,  as  lie  eiijoved  stii(l\iii<j,'  ahout  clcc- 
tric'itv,  and  lie  worked  verv  liai-d  w  itli  liis  new 
teacher.  One  day  he  appmi-cd  with  a  set  of 
tele<^Ta})h  instriunents  that  lu'  had  made  him- 
self. He  ohtained  l)etter  and  better  ])()sitions 
untd,  before  he  was  eighteen,  his  wages  were 
five  times  as  large  as  when  he  started. 

He  was  fond  of  reading,  and  often  borrowed 
books  from  the  library'.  One  dii\  he  bou<>ht 
for  himself  a  set  of  Faraday's  works  on  elec- 
trieity,  Avhieli  he  read  with  nuieh  interest  and 
pleasm*e.  When  l^dison  was  twenty-one,  he 
secured  a  ]^ositi(>n  in  a  telegra])h  ofHce  in 
Boston.  There  he  was  tested  in  many  wavs, 
and  found  to  be  one  of  the  best  of  all  the 
telegraph  operators. 

One  day  he  ha})pened  to  go  to  New  York, 
and  he  wandered  down  to  the  Stock  Ex- 
change. It  was  a  very  busy  day  there,  and, 
when  business  was  at  its  height,  the  stock- 
quotation  printing-machine  broke.  (Jreat  was 
everv  one's  dismay.  Edison  saw  at  once 
what  the  trouble  was,  and  (piickly  set  it  right. 


154  MISCELLANEOUS 

He  was  then  the  hero  of  the  hour.  He  was 
offered  the  entire  charge  of  the  machine. 
His  salary  was  three  times  as  much  as  he 
ever  before  received  in  his  hfe. 

He  afterwards  oj^ened  a  manufactory  in 
Newark,  New  Jersey.  His  inventions  are 
many.  He  experimented  w^ith  the  telegraph 
and  perfected  it  in  many  ways.  He  invented 
the  transmitter  which  is  used  with  the  Bell 
telephone,  and  also  the  megaphone,  an  in- 
strument to  be  used  in  long-distance  speak- 
ing. The  mimeograph,  an  instrument  used 
for  making  many  copies  of  writing  at  once, 
is  Edison's  invention. 

The  kinetoscope,  Avhicli  is  used  to  show 
bodies  in  motion,  is  another  of  his  inven- 
tions. He  is  also  ay  ell  known  for  perfecting 
the  incandescent  light.  Edison  is  sometimes 
called  "  The  Wizard,"  for  his  inventions  are 
like  the  feats  of  a  mao-ician. 

The  Edison  Works  are  now  located  in 
Orange,  New  Jersey.  Mr.  Edison  lives  in 
Llewellyn  Park,  which  is  near  Orange. 


TraDES   AND   OCCUPATIONS   IN   THE 
UNITED    STATES 

THE   MERCHANT 

One  can  be  a  mercliant  with  verv  little 
inoiiev.  There  are  merchants  with  small 
capital  as  well  as  merchants  with  large  capital. 
There  are  many  kinds  of  merchants.  Coal 
and  wood  merchants  have  yards  where  they 
keep  tlie  coal  that  they  are  ahont  to  sell. 
The  farmers  send  cattle  and  liogs  to  the  mer- 
chant that  owns  a  })acking  honse.  He  pre- 
pares tlie  meat  to  sell  to  the  people.  Tlie 
merchant  that  owns  a  canninii'  factory  Lnvs 
vegetables,  fish,  and  frnit  wliich  he  cans  and 
sells  to  the  people.  The  merchant  that  kee})S 
a  store  buys  his  goods  of  a  mannfacturer. 
We  have  all  kinds  of  stores.  There  are  shoe 
stores,  piano  stores,  drug  stores,  candy  stores, 
etc.,  and  there  are  also  department  stores 
wdiere  many  thing  are  kept. 

155 


156 


MISCELLANEOUS 


MANUFACTURING 

Nearly  everything  that  we  wear  or  use  is 
made  or  manufactured  from  raw  material, 
such    as  wool,   cotton,   wheat,   iron,    or   clay. 


In  a  Cotton  Mill  in  New  England 

Most  of  the  tliino-s  we  wear  are  made  in 
large  factories,  which  are  scattered  all  over 
the  United  States. 

From  the  eastern  cities  of  Massachusetts 
we  get  most  of  our  shoes  and  boots  and 
cotton  and  woolen  goods.     Clothing,  machin- 


PAPEH    M.\KIN(;  mj 

ery,  books,  niid  papci"  .-ire  ('xt('iisi\('l\-  inaiiiifnc- 
turt'd  ill  the  nortla'astcni  [)art  of"  our  couutrN'. 
TIic  ITnitc'd  States  does  about  one  third 
of  the  niaimtactiirinu"  in  the  Avoi'ld.  Thing's 
are  made  very  cheaply  liere.  A\'lu'n  we 
make  an  article  here  and  sell  it  to  anotlier 
country,  we  say  we  ''exi)ort"  it.  When  an 
article  is  made  al)road  and  brouulit  o\er 
here  and  sold,   we   ''  import "   it. 

i'APHR    MAKING 

Thh  first  pa])er  was  made  in  Egypt  from 
a  reed  called  ])ap\rus.  Tliis  reed  gre^y  on 
the  banks  of  tlie  Nile.  From  tlie  word 
''papyrus"  Aye  get  the  Avord  "paper."  The 
stem  of  the  reed  was  cut  into  slices  Avith  a 
sharp  knife.  The  slices  were  then  unfolded 
and  s[)read  into  sheets.  Tlie  sheets  Ayere 
placed  one  upon  the  otlier,  steeped  in  water, 
and  pressed  together. 

In  some  countries  cotton  is  used  for  i)aper 
making.  Our  paper  is  made  from  rags. 
Some    paper    is    made    from    soft    Ayood    and 


158  MISCELLANEOUS 

waste    paper,    but    the   best   paper   is   made 
from  linen  rags. 

The  rags  go  through  many  processes  be- 
fore they  become  paper.  First,  they  are  put 
in  a  machine  and  all  the  dry  dirt  and  dust 
beaten  out.  Next,  they  are  placed  in  a  ma- 
chine and  cleansed  from  all  the   grease    and 


miiiw 

*-* 

*^.-/^    ■    ^  -      -'  ^, 

wP*^ 

..M^^^*^'-   T:^^'^ 

1 

i^S 

pp 

HH^^^BWip^^^'**-        jJRnMflH   r^     Jl^SHiB^^i'        -  jS^^^^tMBtiuitti^^i^^ 

i 

IB^^g 

^ 

^""^"^^mMmmm 

^^^'--  '  ^    II 

B 

A  Grinding  Room  in  a  Paper  Mill. 

colorino;  matter.  After  the  ras^'S  are  boiled 
m  the  machines  and  put  through  several 
processes,  they  come  out  like  a  soft  pulp 
which  is  made  to  flow  into  open  boxes. 
After  the  water  is  drained  otf,  the  pulp  is 
pressed  between  rollers  and  then  passes  on 
between  other  rollers  that  are  heated.  The 
pulp  comes  out  from  the  rollers  as  smooth, 
glossy  paper.     It  is  then  ready  for  many  uses. 


A   STRAW    JiAT 


159 


We  use  pa])er  for  many  tiling's.  Xcws- 
papers,  Ixxjks,  liandhills,  and  ])i-();j,i-aiiiiii('.s  are 
made  of  paper.  Merehauts  use  paper  to 
Avrap  u})  tlu'ir  goods.  The  Ja])anese  use 
paper  to  make  elotliing-  and  tl'j  partitions 
in  their  liouses. 

A   STRAW    HAT 

We  make  straw  hats  from  straw.  '^Flie 
straw  is  cleaned  betore  being  sohl  to  tlic 
manufacturer  to  make  into  hats.     11  le  straw  is 


A  Hat  I'actuky  -    Hi-tx  kinc    IIai: 


160 


MISCELLANEOUS 


ahvays  braided  before  being  made  into  hats. 
Some  of   the  straw  is  also  dyed.     After  the 


A  Hat  Factory  —  Unfinished  Hats 

straw  is  woven  into  a  hat,  it  is  blocked  over 
stiff  molds  or  shapes.  Then  it  is  ready  to 
be  sold  to  the  merchants. 


A   SHOE    FACTORY 

Here  we  have  a  picture  of  a  shoe  factory. 
Leather  is  the  hide    of  cattle,    goats,    sheep, 


A    SHOE    FACTOR V 


101 


or  utliLT  iuiiiiuils.      It    is  first  sent  to   a    taii- 
iierv  to  hv  tanned;   tliat  is,  it  passes  tln-oun-li 


l.\  A  Shoe  rAcruKY  —  Leveling  the  Sole 

a  process  Avliich  makes  it  ready  to   be  used 
for  the  niakinii:  of  hoots  and  shoes. 

After  the  hi(k's  are  tanned,  the   k>ather  is 
sent  to  a  shoe  factory,  where  there  are  many 

M 


161 


MISCELLANEOUS 


3 
> 

X 

o 
g 

S 

o 

H 

CO 


O 

O 

fa 

H 
O 
B 

< 


COMMERCE  16.3 

iiu'ii  niid  woiiii'ii  at  ^vork.  Tlic  Icatln-i"  i^ 
first  cut  bv  a  inacliiiK'  into  t\\v  iiiaii\'  |)iecc'S 
which  arc  used  to  make  a  cuinph'tc  shoe. 
Other  inachiues  sew  them  too-etlier.  Eaeli 
])art  is  made  ])v  a  (htiereut  machine.  The 
workmen  in  cliarii-e  of  tliese  machines  nuist 
be   botli   skilU'ul   and  \erv  caret'uL 

COMMEPvCE 

TllK  connnerce  or  trading-  of  the  United 
States  is  urcater  than  anvwhcre  else  in  tlie 
worhk  There  are  many  tliousands  of  mih's 
of  railways  in  the  Lnited  States,  so  that 
goods  of  all  kinds  can  be  sent  from  one  part 
of  the  country  to  another  very  (luicklv. 

There  is  much  carrvin<2:  done  on  the  laro-e 
hikes  and  rivers  bv  boats.  The  United 
States  does  a  laro-e  amount  of  tradino-  with 
Europe  by  steamers.  A\  e  buy  raw  materials 
from  Europe,  which  are  carried  to  our  fac- 
tories. When  the  articles  are  manufactured, 
some  of  them  are  sent  back  to  l^^urope  and 
sold. 


1G4 


MISCELLANEOUS 


FARMING 


Men  and  women  that  live  in  a  large  city 
do  not  know  very  much  about  the  life  of  a 
farmer.  To  be  a  good  farmer  requires  as 
much    time    and    studv   as   it   does    to   be   a 


A   Fakm  House  and  Barns 


good  doctor  or  lawyer.  The  farmer  is  a  very 
important  person,  for  by  his  work  he  gives  us 
the  food  that  Ave  eat.  Most  of  our  farmers 
learn  their  trade  by  being  brought  up  on  a 


FAK.MIXG 


165 


farm  and  workiiin-  tlicrc  all  tlicir  liws.  V*\\t 
now  fannt'i's  oo  to  scliool  and  karn  tlieir 
trade.       Many    states    Ik'Ivo    liMvcn    mnncv   to 


m 

• 

.J 

%r^j\    ^^ 

^A-     -^^    -  ^«.  *^      ^I^^              '^■P^^^JI 

Sorting  Corn  for  Canning  in  a  New  York  State  Factory 

support  a  college  where  one  can  learn  how 
to  become  a  good  farmer.  The  President 
of  the  United  States  a])points  a  secretary 
to  look  after  the  interests  ot  tlie  farmers  of  our 


166  MISCELLANE(3US 

country,  who  is  called  the  Secretary  of  Agri- 
culture 

When  disease  attacks  a  farmer's  stock  and 
he  fears  that  he  may  lose  his  cattle,  he  at 
once  writes  to  Washington,  and  the  Secretary 
of  Agriculture  sends  him  information  how  to 
stop  the  disease.  When  grasshoppers  threaten 
to  destroy  the  grain,  the  farmers  find  out  from 
Washington  how  to  prevent  them.  The  Sec- 
retary keeps  watch  over  all  the  interests  of  the 
farmers.  He  has  books  and  pamphlets  pub- 
lished, which  he  sends  out  to  all  the  farmers 
of  the  country.  The  government  has  set 
aside  land  in  the  West  to  be  used  for  farm- 
ing. If  a  person  wishes  to  become  a  farmer, 
he  can  write  to  Washington,  and  this  land 
will  be  sold  to  him  at  a  very  low  price. 

MINING 

Mining  is  one  of  our  leading  industries. 
People  that  work  in  a  mine  are  called  miners. 
There  are  many  kinds  of  mines.  We  get 
coal  from  the  coal  mines.     Iron  ore  is  found 


MINING 


1G7 


in  the  iron  mines.     Gold,  silver,  lead,  copper, 
zinc,  all  come  from  mines. 


Coal 


Have   von   ever  visited  a  coal  mine?     It 
is  a  very  interesting  sight.     It  is  not  pleas- 


A  Zinc  Mine  in  Missouri 


ant  to  work  in  a  coal  mine.  No  sunliulit 
gets  down  there.  The  mines  are  bnilt  very 
far  down  into  the  earth.  It  is  very  dark  and 
damp  in  a  mine.     To   a-et  the  coal  out  tho 


168 


MISCELLANEOUS 


miner  has  to  blast  the  rocks  with  dynamite. 
After  the  rocks  are  broken  apart,  the  miners 
loosen  the  coal  with  drills  and  picks.  When 
the   coal   has  been  removed    from  the  rock, 


A  Coal  Mine 
(This  diagram  shows  how  the  coal  is  dug  out  of  the  mines.) 

it  is  put  on  little  cars.  Mules  bring  the 
cars  on  rails  to  the  shaft.  Three  fourths 
of  our  coal  comes  from  the  laro-e  fields 
of  the  eastern  United  States.  But  some 
comes  from  the  middle  and  western  fields. 
More  coal  is  mined  in  the  United  States  than 
in  anj  other  country  in  the  world,  but  a  great 
deal  is  found  in  England. 


Iron 

Iron  is  uiiL'  !.)(  tilt'  most  coiiiinoii,  usi'liil, 
and  iinportaiit  of  all  iiictals.  Iron  iniiiiiiL:'  is 
carried  on  in  nearly  every  state  in  tiu'  rnit('(l 
States.  But  most  of  our  iron  eouK-s  from 
the  shores  of  T^ake   Sui)eri()r. 

When  the  iron  is  taken  from  the  mines, 
it  is  not  ready  for  use.  Tt  is  hrst  put  in  a 
hlast  furnace  and  smelted.  Iron  is  a  wvy 
hard  metal.  It  is  a  conductor  of  licat  and 
electricity.  At  ])resent  there  is  a  oTcat  de- 
maiul  for  iron.  Cast  iron  is  iron  smeked  and 
run  into  niohls.  It  is  used  for  ranges,  stoves, 
railings,  and  articles  not  needing  a  great  deal 
of  streno'th.  \\'rou<2,'ht  iron  is  one  of  tlie 
strono'cst  and  most  duralde  of  metals.  Iron 
in  this  form  is  very  useful.  Ih'idges  and 
towers  are  mach'  from  wrought  irou. 

Some  iron  is  sent  to  mills  to  he  made 
into  steel. 

Steel 

Iron  mixed  with  carhon  is  called  steel. 
Steel  is  verv  hard  and  hrittlc  and  can  he  vcrv 


170 


MISCELLANEOUS 


highly  pohshed.  In  the  manufacture  of  steel 
many  processes  are  used.  Some  of  them 
are  called  "The  Siemens,"  ^'The  Basic,"  "The 
Chenot,"  and  "  The  Bessemer."     Each  process 


The  Steel  Frame  of  a  Building 

is  used  to  make  a  steel  suitable  for  a  special 
use.  Some  of  the  things  made  of  steel  are 
knives,   scissors,   files,    edge   tools.     Some   of 


MINING 


171 


tlie  larti'or  oLic'cts  made'  of  steel  are  artillerv, 
j^'iius,  rails,  sliattiiiii',  and  hoilei"  plates.  liiiild- 
iiiLi'S  and  sirn>s  ai"e  now  Iteiiii''  made  ot  steel. 
Soiiie  of  the  liiu'h  buildinLLS  in  tl.e  lame  cities 
have  the  entire  framework  made  of  steel. 


Gold  and  Silver 

Evorv  one  has  seen  Uotli  a-old  and  sih'er. 
IMueh  of  our  money  is  made  of  o-ohl  and  sih'er. 
We  ha\e  siher  dimes,  (juarters,   halt"  dollars, 


A  Gold  Mine 


172  MISCELLANEOUS 

and  dollars.  Gold  is  not  nsed  for  money  as 
conniionly  as  silver.  Our  more  valuable  pieces 
of  money  are  made  of  gold.  The  gold  and 
silver  are  obtained  from  mines  in  the  West. 
Some  o'old  is  found  in  the  streams  of  water 
which  floAv  from  springs  in  the  mountains. 
When  the  water  carries  the  rock  down  from 
the  mountains,  it  carries  fine  grains  of  gold 
also.  Most  of  our  valuable  iewelrv  is  made 
of  gold.  Tlie  gold  is  sent  to  mints  to  be 
made  into  money.  One  of  the  United  States 
mints  is  in  Philadelpliia. 

Lead 
Lead  is  an  ore.  The  metal  taken  from  this 
ore  is  a  blue-gray  color.  It  is  very  soft  and 
heavy.  When  first  cut,  lead  has  a  bright  lus- 
ter, but  after  being  exposed  to  the  air,  it  loses 
its  luster  and  becomes  dull.  We  use  lead  for 
making  shot,  pipes,  and  gutters.  We  also 
cover  the  roofs  of  buildings  with  lead.  Water 
cisterns  are  lined  with  lead.  The  lead  in  the 
United  States  is  mined  in  the  far  Western 
states. 


Where  Coins  are  Made 

The  Mint,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

A  Milling  Machine  A  Coining  Machine 

P  173  The  Counting  Room 


174 


MISCELLANEOUS 


Copper 


Copper  was  one  of  the  earliest  metals  in 
common  use.  The  name  copper  comes  from 
the  Latin  Cuprum^  because  of  the  large 
quantity  of  copper  at  one  time  found  in  the 


r 

Copper  Smelting  Works 


island  of  Cyprus.  Copper  is  quite  hard.  It 
is  also  elastic.  When  struck,  it  gives  forth  a 
loud  noise.  When  heated,  it  can  be  rolled  into 
very  thin  sheets,  or  drawn  out  into  fine  wire. 
Pans,  kettles,  and  boilers  are  made  of  copper. 
The  bottoms  of  sliips  are  sheathed  Avith  copper. 
We  get  most  of  our  copper  from  the  copper 
mines  in  the  western  part  of  the  United  States. 


A   LESSON   ABOUT   COFFEE 

Whkx  the  coffee  berrv  is  on  tlie  vine,  it  is 
red  like  ;i  cherry.  After  it  is  ])ieke(l  and 
roasted,  it  becomes  brcjwii  as  wu  see  it. 
Notice  in  the  picture  how  closely  tlic  berries 
seem  to  urow  to  each  other.  (  )ii  a  few 
branches    we    have   a    ([uantity    of   hcn-ies. 

We  are  familiar  witli  a  l)()U(iuet  of  roses, 
but  not  a  boucjuet  of  coffee.  In  Ih-azil  this  is 
not  an  unusual  sii^'ht.  Here  the  coffee  seems 
to  thrive  best.  r)razil  raises  more  coffee  than 
any  other  country. 

The  coffee  tree  blooms  from  8epteml)er 
until  December.  An  expert  can  tcU  just  wliat 
the  next  year's  crop  will  be  by  the  a})})earance 
of  the  ti'ces  and  the  nature  of  the  flowering 
during'  this  ])c'i'iod. 

There  are  nuiny  ])eople  employed  on  the 
coffee    phintations.     The  hdjorer  has  to  pick 

175 


176 


MISCELLA:t^EOUS 


the  coffee  from  tlie  trees  by  hand,  because  all 
the  berries  do  not  ripen  at  once. 

After  the  coffee  is  picked,  it  goes  through 
various  stages  in  the  drying  process.     Grounds 


Coffee  Berries 


are  laid  out  so  that  the  coffee  has  a  chance  to 
receive  the  hot  ravs  of  the  sun. 

Here  we  see  the  coffee  being:  carried  in  sacks 
to  be  stamped  before  it  is  ready  to  be  exported. 
The  coffee  is  sampled  before  it  is  carried  out. 

The  United  States  is  the  greatest  coffee- 
consuming  country  in  the  world.  In  one  year 
seven  million  fortv-three  thousand  five  hundred 


A   LESSON   ABOUT   COFFEE 


177 


and  iiiiietv-five  bap,-s  ^yvvv  used.     Tn  each  ])ii<j; 

there  are  one  luni(h\'(l  and  thirty-two  pounds. 

We  a'et  eiu'lit v-une   i)L'r  e-i'Ut   ut'  (nu*  coti'ee 

from  P)razil.     Brazil  sends  the  Tnited  States 


Picking  Coffee 


and    Europe  seventeen   niilhon  five  hnndred 
thousand  bags  of  coffee  each  year. 

Perhaps  you  will  have  some  idea  of  the 
great  amount  of  coffee  that  is  re})resented  by 
seventeen  million  bao-s,  Avhen  I  tell  vuu  that 
eight  million  bags  placed  end  to  end  would 


N 


178 


MISCELLANEOUS 


girdle  tlie  earth  one  and  a  lialf  times.  If  the 
bags  containing  the  coffee  were  emptied  and 
hiid  flat  side  by  side,  they  wonld  cover  an 
area  of  abont  seventy-live  thousands  of  square 


Sorting  and  Sacking  Coffee 


miles ;  that  is,  very  much  more  than  the  land 
occupied  by  the  states  of  ]\Iaine,  New  Hamp- 
shire, Vermont,  IMassachusetts,  Rhode  Island, 
and  Connecticut.  This  quantity  of  coffee 
would  make  a  pile  nearly  twice  the  size  of  the 
Metropolitan  Life  Building  and  its  fifty-story 


A   LESSON   ABOUT  COFFEE  179 

tower.  Tliis  .'iiiioinit  of  cofiii'r  would  wci^li 
nearly  twche  times  the  \\ei;4lit  of  the  ship 
Jjlisihi  iinl. 

Cotfee  is  only  a  stimulant,  and  is  not  iiourisli- 
inii".  '^Foo  iniich  eoth'e  is  iiiiiirioiis.  ( )nee  a 
day  is  often  I'liouuh  to  drink  it. 


THE   SEASONS 

In  this  country  we  have  four  seasons.     They 
are  spring,  summer,  autumn,  and  winter. 

"  0  Giver  of  beautiful  gifts,  wliat  cheer  ? 
What  joy  dost  thou  l)ring  with  thee  'I  " 
"  Mv  seasons  four  shall  brino; 
Their  treasures,  —  the  winter's  snows, 
The  autumn's  store,  the  flowers  of  spring, 
And  the  sunnner's  })erfect  rose." 

The  spring  montlis  are  March,  April,  and 
May. 

The  summer  months  are  June,  Julv,  and 
August. 

The  fall  or  autumn  montlis  are  September, 
October,  and  November. 

The  winter  months  are  December,  January, 
and  Februarv. 

In  the  spring  the  birds  return  from  their 
winter  homes.     One  of  the  first  signs  of  spring 

180 


THE    SEASONS  LSI 

is  tlic  r()l)iii  witli  liis  red  hrcast.  '^FIk'H  tlie 
crocuses  and  tulips  push  their  tin}'  heads 
above  the  otouikL  "^riie  L>-rass  hemus  to  come 
u[),  and  the  buds  soon  sliow  on  the  trees. 

])y  the  time  summer  is  here,  all  tlie  tiowers 
are  in  bloom.  The  trees  and  <j,rasses  are 
pretty  and  g-reen. 

l)urin<>:  the  fall  months  all  the  fruit  has 
ripened.  The  u-rain  is  liarvested  in  tlie  l)arns 
and  the  uuts  are  stored  in  tlie  atti(!S.  The 
farmers  are  well  prepared  for  the  cold  ^\  inter. 


POETICAL   SELECTIONS 

THE   BLUE-BELLS    OF   SCOTLAND 

Of  all  the  flowers  in  Scotland, 
I'd  choose  the  dear  Blue-bell, 
Of  all  the  flowers  hi  Scotland, 
I'd  choose  the  dear  Blue-bell; 

Its  color  has  a  lan(»;uage 
Which  plainly  seems  to  tell 
Of  tlie  one  that's  afar 
And  to  say  he  loves  me  well. 

Its  form  too  lias  music, 
I  often  hear  it  riiiii;, 
Its  form  too  has  music, 
I  often  hear  it  rino- ; 

Foretelling  joy  unclouded, 
Which  future  days  may  bring : 
Oh,  ye  birds  singing  yonder. 
Of  those  sweet  days  ye  sing. 

—  Mrs.  Jordan 

182 


^VOODMAN,   SPARK    I'll  AT   TREE  IS.'i 

WOODMAN,    SPARK    THAT   TREE 

Woodman,  spare  that  tree! 

Toiu'li  not  a  sin<i,'le  l)()iigli  I 
III  vuuth  it  sheltered  me, 

And  T'll  protect  it  now. 
'Twas  mv  forefather's  hand 

That  phiced  it  near  his  cot; 
There,  woodman,  let  it  stand. 

Thy  ax  shall  harm  it  not  I 

That  old  familiar  tree, 

AVhose  alorv  and  renown 
Are  spread  o'er  land  and  sea — ■ 


And  wonldst  thou  hew  it  down  I 
Woodman,  forbear  thy  stroke! 

Cut  not  its  earthbound  ties; 
Oh,  spare  that  ao;ed  oak 

Now  towerinu'  to  the  skies  I 


& 


When  hut  an  idle  bov, 

I  souo-ht  its  n-rateful  shade ; 

In  all  their  <>ushin(>-  io^' 

Here,  too,  my  sisters  played ; 


184  POETICAL   SELECTIONS 

My  mother  kissed  me  here, 
My  father  pressed  my  hand — 

Forgive  this  fooUsh  tear, 
But  let  the  ohi  oak  stand ! 

My  heartstrings  round  thee  cling, 

Close  as  thy  bark,  old  friend ! 
Here  shall  the  wild  Ijird  sing, 

And  still  thy  branches  bend. 
Old  tree  !  the  storm  still  brave  ! 

And  woodman,  leave  the  spot ; 
While  I've  a  hand  to  save. 

Thy  ax  sliall  harm  it  not ! 

—  George  P.  Morris. 


THE   MONTHS 

I:n^  January  falls  the  snow, 
In  February  cold  winds  l^low. 

In  March  peep  out  the  early  flowers,. 
In  April  fall  the  sunny  showers. 

In  May  the  tulips  bloom  so  gay, 
In  June  the  farmer  mows  his  hay. 


"NO    MAN    IS    BOUN    INTO    THIS    WORLD:"        isr, 

In  .Inly  liar\'est  is  Le^'un, 

iii  Auuubt  liuth'  sliinc's  the  .sun. 

Scpt('inl)C'r  turns  flic  liTccn  Icjncs  hrown, 
Oc'tubrr  winds  tlu'ii  shake  them  down. 

November  fields  are  brown  and  sere, 
December  comes  and  ends  the  year, 

—  Old  KiivME 


"NO    MAN   IS   BORN   INTO   THIS  WORLD!" 

No  man  is  born  into  the  world  Avhose  Avork 
Ts  not  born  Avith  hiui  ;   there  is  always  work, 
And    tools    to    ^\•ork    n\  ithal,    lor    those    Avho 

Avill  ; 
And  blessed  are  the  horny  bands  of  toiL 
The  busy  world  sho\'es  anji'i'ih'  aside 
The  man  Avbo  stands  Avith  arms  akind)o  set, 
Until  occasion  tells  him  Avliat  to  do; 
And  he  Avho  Avaits  to  ha\'e  his  task  marked 

out, 
Shall  die  and  leaA'e  bis  errand  nnfultille<L 

—  James  Russell  Lowell 


186  POETICAL   SELECTIONS 

JERUSALEM    THE    GOLDEN 

Jerusalem  the  golden, 

With  milk  aiul  honey  blest; 

Beneath  thy  contemplation 

Sink  heart  and  voice  oppressed. 

I  know  not,  oh,  I  know  not, 
What  joys  await  me  there  ; 

What  radiancy  of  glory  ! 

Wliat  light  beyond  compare ! 

—  Beknakd  of  Cluny 

THE    WISE    FAIRY 

OxcE  in  a  rongh,  wild  conntry, 
On  the  other  side  of  the  sea. 
There  lived  a  dear  little  fairv, 
And  her  home  was  in  a  tree, 
A  dear  little,  queer  little  fairy, 
And  as  rich  as  she  could  be. 

To  nortliward  and  to  southward, 

She  could  overlook  the  land, 

And  that  was  whv  she  had  her  house, 


Till-:    WISH    FAIKV 


1S7 


111  a  {vvv,  you  iiiKlcTstand, 

For  slic  A\as  tlic  friend  ot'tlic  fri('ii(ll('S>;, 

And  luT  heart  was  in  lier  li.uid. 

And  \\lien  slie  saw  ])ooi*  women, 

l*atieiitl\,  da\    In'  da\' 

Spiiniinn-j  s])iiniinLi',  and  spiiniin^ 

Tlieir  lonesome  li\ cs  aw  ay, 

Slie  Mould  Inde  in  tlie  Hax  ottlieir  distatis 

A  lumj)  of  g-old,  tlu'V  say. 

And  Avlien  she  saw  poor  ditchers, 

Knee  dee})  in  some  Avet  dike, 

Dio-o-inu",  diu'ii'iiiu",  and  diu'u'inu', 

To  their  very  oTaves-  behke, 

She  Avould  liide  a  shiniiiii,-  hini])  of  n-old 

A\  here  their  spades  woukl  be  sure  to  stj'ike. 

If  any  ditcher,  or  fisher, 

Or  chihl,  or  s])iimer  ohl, 

J)ou<2,lit  shoes  for  liis  feet,  or  l)read  to  eat. 

Or  a  coat  to  kee])  from  tlie  cohl, 

Tile  u'ift  of  the  good  ohl  fairy 

Was  always  trusty  gold. 


188  POETICAL   SELECTIONS 

But  if  a  ditcher,  or  fisher, 

Or  spinner,  or  chikl  so  gay, 

Bought  jewels,  or  wine,  or  silks  so  fine. 

The  fairy's  gold  in  his  very  hold, 

Would  turn  to  a  lump  of  clay. 

So  by  and  by  the  people 

Got  open  their  stupid  eyes, 

"  We  nnist  learn  to  spend  to  some  good  end,'' 

They  said,  ''  if  we  are  wise  ; 

'Tis  not  in  the  a'old  we  waste  or  hold 


That  a  golden  blessing  lies." 


—  Alice  Gary, 


THOSE   EVENING    BELLS 

Those  evening  bells,  those  evening  bells  ^ 
HoAV  many  a  tale  their  music  tells. 
Of  youth,  and  home,  and  that  sweet  time 
When  last  I  heard  their  soothing  chime  1 

Those  joyous  hours  are  passed  away. 
And  many  a  heart  that  then  was  gay, 
Within  the  toml)  now  darkly  dwells. 
And  hears  no  more  those  evening  bells. 


REST  181) 

And  so  'twill  1)1'  anIk'11  T  nin  n-oiu 

Tliat  tiiiu't'nl  peal  will  still  riiiLi'  <»ii; 

A\  liik'  otlirr  hards  shall  A\allv  tlii'sc  di-lls, 

And  siiiii"  ^■()lll'  ])rai.se,  sweet  eveiiiim-  hells! 

TlKt.MAS    ModKK. 

REST 

]\KST  is  not  (|uittiii<^ 

The  hiisy  career ; 
Rest  is  the  fitting- 

Of  self  to  one's  sphere. 

'Tis  the  hrook's  motion, 

Clear  Avithout  strife; 
Floating  to  ocean, 

After  its  life. 


'Tis  lovino'  and  servino- 
The  liia'hest  and  best ; 

'Tis  onward,  nn swerving,  — 
And  this  is  trne  rest. 

—  J.  W.  VON  Goethe 


190  POETICAL   SELECTIONS 

THE   HEMLOCK   TREE 

(Translated  from  the  German.) 

0  HEMLOCK  tree,  0  hemlock  tree, 
How  faithful  are  tliy  l)ranches, 
Green  not  alone  in  summer  time, 
But  in  the  winter's  frost  and  rime, 

0  hemlock  tree,  0  hemlock  tree, 
How  fiiithful  are  tliy  branches. 

—  Hexry  Wadsworth  Longfellow. 

This  world  is  not  so  bad  a  world 
As  some  would  like  to  make  it ; 
Though  whether  good  or  whether  bad 
Depends  on  how  we  take  it. 

—  UnToiown. 

THE  ARROW  AND  THE  SONG 

1  SHOT  an  arrow  into  the  air, 

It  fell  to  earth,  I  know  not  wliere, 
For  so  swiftly  it  flew,  the  siij^ht 
Could  not  follow  it  in  its  flig:ht. 


TiiK  iwij.  OF   riii:  ci-iri'MN'  191 

I    l)i-(';itlic(l  ;i  soiii^-  into  t  lie  nil', 
It  trll  to  cartli,   I   know  not  nnIhto, 
J'\»r  w  lio  lias  siu'lit  s(>  keen  ami  stroiiu", 
That  it  can  follow  tlic  iliLiIit  of  sonti*  ? 

TiOiiu",  loll^•  afterward,  in  an  oak 

L  found  tliL'  arrow,  still  unhrokc. 

And  tlu'  soiiii",  from  Ix'^inniiiLi,-  to  end, 

I  found  ag'aiii  in  t\\v  licart  of  a  friend. 
—  Hkxky  Wadsworth  Longfellow. 

THE    FALL    OF   THE    CFRTATX 

In  the  world,  as  in  tlic  school, 

I'd  sa\'  how  fate  ina\'  chano-e  and  sliift: 
Tlie  ])rize  be  soinetimes  with  a  fool. 

The  race  not  always  to  the  swift. 
The  strono-  niav  yield,  the  o-ood  \Ui\y  fall. 

The  <>Teat  man  he  a  ^  uli^ar  clown, 
The  kiia\e  he  lifted  o\'er  all, 

The  kind,  cast  ])itilesslv  down. 

J-  1/ 

AVho  knows  the  inscrntahle  desi«»-n  ? 
iUess'd  l)e  lie  who  took  and  travel 


192  POETICAL   SELECTIONS 

We  bow  to  Heaven  that  willed  it  so, 
That  darkly  rules  the  fate  of  all, 

That  sends  the  respite  or  the  blow, 
That's  free  to  give  or  to  recall. 

Come  wealth  or  want,  come  good  or  ill, 

Let  young  and  old  accept  their  part, 
And  bow  before  the  Awful  Will, 

And  bear  it  with  an  honest  heart,  — 
Who  misses,  or  Avho  wins  the  prize. 

Go,  lose  or  conquer  as  you  can  ; 
But  if  you  fail,  or  if  you  rise. 

Be  each,  pray  God,  a  gentleman. 

—  William  Makepeace  Thackekay. 


.XATIUXAL   SUAli.S 


THE    STAR-SPANGLED 


BANNER. 
FicANcis  Scott  Kkt. 


1.  oil,  say,  ran   you    see,      l)y  thod.iwn's  car  -  ly     liKlit.Wli.-it  so 

2.  On  theslioic.dini  -  ly     sfcn    tliio' tlieniists  of     the    deep, Wlieie the 

3.  And        wlR'if  is    that  hand    «  ho    s.>  vaunt-ing  •  ly     swore  Tliat  tlie 

4.  Oil,  tlius    1)6      it       ev    -  t-r  when  free-men  sliall  stand    I'>i; 


^' 


I 


r" 


S: 


^ 


2a.  And       war's  clam-ors  o'er,  with  her  man -tie    hath  Peace  Once  a- 


-dl=j-h-J- 

« ^ L.^ 


proml  -  ly      we    liailed 

foe's   hauglity       host 

liav  -  oe      of       war 
tween  their  loved  homes    an<l  wild  war's    des 


at     tlie    twi -liglit's  last  gleaming, Whose  broad 
ill   dread  si  -    leiice    re  -    pos  -  es,  What    is 
.•iikI  the     hat  -  tie  s   con  -   fii  -   sion     A 

o    -    la  -  tioii ;  r>lest  with 


gam, 


in 


%mr-  '  :^^ 


"T 
its 


folds,     the 


§ 


==t= 


I      ' 

stripes  and  bright  stars     thro'  the    per   -  11    -   ous 
that  wliii'h    the    hreez?  o'er    the    tow  -  er  -  iiig 
home    and       a       conn'-  try  should  leave  us        no 
Vic  -  fry     and    peac( ,  may  the  heav'n-res  -  cued 


finht 
steep, 
more? 

land 


O'er   the 

As       It 

Their 

Praise  the 


=t 


r:0 


frat   -  ri   - 

cide 

— ! — 

hand       up       -    lift 

-  ed 

e'er     be, 

I 

The 

ram  -  parts  we  \ 
fit    -  ful   -  ly 
hlood  has  waslie 
Pow'r  that  hath 

vatch'd  were  so     gal  - 
blows,    half  con-ceals. 
d  out       their  foul  foot- 
made     and  pre-served 

^--^  -       m        f      _A 

lant  - 
half 
steps' 
us 

ly  streaming? 
dis  -  elos  -  es? 
pol  -  111   -  tioii! 
a       na  -  tion! 

-*- !*-^ 

And  the 
Now   It 

No 

Then 

'^— t- 

1^ 

F"        y-'*    • 

•          m 

glo  -   ry      to       dim         which       now 


iin-cloud  -  ed.      Not    as 


Note.  — The  stanza  minihered  In  was  written  for  the  Great  Peace  Jubilee,  held  at 
Boston  in  1872,  where  it  was  sung  by  a  chorus  of  hl.OOO  voices. 

193 


194 


THE   STAR-SPANGLED    BANNER. 


rock-ets'     red    glare,  (the^  bombs  burst-ing      in        air,  Gave 

c;iteh-es      tlie    gleam  of      the  moni-ing's  first  beam.  In     full 

ref  -  uge   could  save  the           hire  -  liiu';     and  slave  From  the 

con  -  quer    we     must,  wIr'u  our  cause    it        is  just,  And 


North   or       as     South 


in     the    fu  -  ture  we'll  stand.      But    as 


proof 
glo 
ter    ■ 
this 

I 


thro'   the 
ry      re 


ror 
be 


broth  -  ers 


of 
our 


night 
fleet 

flight 
mot 


nit 


that    our 

ed,     now 


or 
to: 


.-i— ^- 


the 
In 

-J- 


flag  was 

shines  on 

gloom  of 

God  is 


still 
the 
the 
our 


there, 
stream, 
grave, 
trust!" 


ip:r= 


T r- 

ed  through  -  out       the     broad     land. 


Oh,  say,    does     that 

'Tis    the  star  -  span  -  gled 

And    the  star  -  span  -  gled 

And    the  star  -  span  -  gled 


^1 


X 


star -span -gled  ban    -  ner  yet 

ban  -  ner;    oh,  long  may  it 

ban  -  ner      in  tri     -  umith  sliall 

ban  -  ner      in  tri     -  umph  doth 


ES 


-X- 


r — r — r — 

And  the   star  -  span  -  gled 


:p 


ban  -  ner     for    - 


~^—  I ^"~_l 

er  shall 


is-:^a_ 


\_J_ 


wave   O'er  the    land 


-P 


-25 

of    the  free,   and    the  home    of    the  brave! 

: 5«_ 


wave    O'er  the    land        of    tiie  free,    and    the  home    of    the  brave! 


AMERICA. 


VX, 


Rev.  S.  K.  Smith. 


pa 


1.  y\y 
•J.  My 

3.  Let 

4.  Our 

^%- 


coun 

niu 
fa 

— * 


•rzt 


try! 

live 

sic 

tliei'S' 


'tis 

CDIIII 

swfll 
God! 


of 
try. 
tlie 
to 


llE.vuY  Caret. 

1 ;_ 


thi-e, 
tlit>e  — 
breeze, 
Thee, 


Sweet 
l.aiiil 

And 

An    - 

m. 


land 
of 

ring 
tlior 


of 

the 

from 

of 

-•- 
tr 


31^^ 


lih  -  or 

no  -  hie 

all  the 

lih  -  cr 

.*. .         -». 

?^-4 ^ 


-^~E^ 


r 

ty.       Of 

free—  Thy 

trees,  Swert 

ty,        To 


thee 
name 
free 
Thee 


^ 


I  sin^; 

f  love; 

dom's  song; 

we  sing; 


=?-^=F-^ 


Land  wliere     my 

I  love      thy 

Let  nior   -  tal 

l^ong  may      our 


J 


fa     - 
rocks 
tongues 
land 

i 1 


__L_ 


thers  died! 
and     nils, 

a   -  wake ; 

he    bright 


Land 

Thy 

Let 

With 


of 
woods 
all 
free   - 


the 

and 
that 
dom's 


Pil     - 

tern 

bn-athe 

ho 


— r-t- 


r=t= 


It 


grim's  pride! 
pled      hills 
par   - 

ly 


P-! . =t:= 


take 
light 


^- 


-j^=z^ 


From 
My 
Let 
Pro  - 


ff 


ev 

heart 
rocks 
tect 


^iTjz 


'ry 
with 
thi'ir 
us 


A    .J 


ig 


tn: 


moun  ■  tain    side  Let 

rap  -  ture  thrills  IJke 

si    •    lenee  break,  The 

by       Thy   might,  Great 


It: 


free  -  doin 
that 
sound 
Goil, 


a    ■ 
pro 
our 


I 

-Xz=z 


ring, 
bove. 
long. 
King. 


19G 


HAIL,    COLUMBIA! 


Joseph  Hopkinson. 

"Presi 

dent's  March," 

arr.  by  F.  R.  Rix. 

Ot.    ">                        ^      H 

w . 

1 |S , 

Cg-4— « •-T — -m ^T— 

rn r 

! ±">^ 

"■5r=^« — ^~ — « — 

— i— 

hJ U 

J        •^J 

-S-:     S     i«  •       !t   - 

^-^-a— '-•s— — J — *-^— 

bia!    hap  -  py 

W 7 

t--^^     r       5*  "^ 

1.         Hail,    Co-luni  - 

land, 

Hail,  ye    he   -    roes, 

2.  Ini  -moi-  tal    pa  - 

triots.rise  once 

more!      De- 

tend your  riglits,  de  - 

3.          Sound,    sound 

the  trump    of 

fame! 

Let          Wash  -  ing  - 

4.  Be -hold  the  chief 

who    now  com-niands,  Once  more   to   serve    his 

1 

_j — \^—-a-, m — ~ — 

— •■ — 

f-^ 

-,— A- 

'=^-4-^- 

y — -  -p 

— u — 

-1 ■ — 

J i* — 1- U— 

l#~^~^=^^ 

-H ^- 1~ 

—\ — 

p=1-5=r.^-H . 

#^*— M~ 

t 

heav'n-born  liand ; 

Who  fought  and    bled 

in 

free-dom's  cause, Who 

fend    yoursliore! 

Let    no      rude    toe 

with 

im  -  pious liand,  Let 

ton's  great  name 

King  thro'    the    world 

with 

loud    ap -plause.Ring 

coun  -  try    stands 

—  Tlie  rock     on    wliich 

tlie 

storm  will  beat ;  The 

m-^ — r — f— 

^-ft- 

^^   t   p 

-m- 

^ 

■m-        -m-         _ 

"w      L                   ^- 

^"* 

^ — ^    t= 

-p=^ 

U-          r         1           r 
i        '              i 

-£S-^ H 1- 

— -m — 

—T- 

:-3=^ 

-^-^zr-. 

^)-     • * • — 

•J 

fought  and    bled 

no     rude    foe 

thro'   tlie  world 

rock     on  which 

-^       -1*-       -^- 

— •• — 

in 
with 
with 

the 

V— r — ^- 

free  -  dom's  cause 
im  -    pious  hand 
loud    ap  -  plause 
storm  will    beat. 

.0..             JL-             .«. 

— •  — 
-* 

.And 
In  - 
Let 
But 

wlien    the 
vade    the 
ev  -  'ry 
armed  in 

1 
r—m^ •■— 

^         -J      - 
i        *      ^ 

storm    of 

sliiine  where 

clime     to 

vir  -  tue 

^-i — 1 ^ 1 

_i J L 

zt.-zz: 

— I- *— — 

1 

\ V       - 

\ 1— 

— I— 

:=Ha^r- 

"«  i"^  ^ 

1 

— z -. -. 

=5=Mzz 

-t 

=^=t* 

^•*- 

1 1— J 1 1 1 

lis.    >-    >     -P     P    ^ 

1      r     1      1 

war 

was    gone 

En    - 

joyed 

the     peace 

your    val  -  or     won.    Let 

sa  - 

cred    lies 

Of 

toil 

and     blood 

the    well-earned  prize. While 

Free 

-dom  dear. 

. 

Lis    - 

ten       with 

a       joy  -  ful    ear.   With 

firm 

and    true, 

Ills 

hoi)es 

are       fixed 

on    Heav'nand  you.  When 

^1-J- 

-0* •■— 

— •■ — 

1 — •■ 

— 1 

-m ^o  — 

1 
al 

:• 5 ft g— : 

-1 \ 

r 

^4- 

1 

^ 

Efz___^F__F_3 

HAIL,  COLUMBIA! 


r.i7 


I 


-s»  -  ,•> 


(le-  pen-deiice  be  our  Ixmst,  Kv  er  mind 
'riiim>eace,sui- cere  ami  just,  Iiilieav'ii  we  place 
qual  skill  and    Uod-llkepuw'r, lie  governed  in 


ful  what   It    cost! 
a     nian-ly  trust. That 
the  fear-fn!     hour  Of 


was  sinking     in      (lis    may.And  gioomsobseur'd  Colun)l)ia'sday,His 


-•— fj] 


I 


i!»=C:=t 


^ 


E^E^EZ 


^'^m 


ifrd^z 


.T!_J-J 


,.._* ^».:rt: , ^_,,_^_j* 1._^ , 


Ev  -  er  grate-  ful 
truth   and  jus  -  tice 

lior  -  rid  war;  or 
stead  -  y  mind  from 

I       .#.    M.     .*. 


for    the  prize,         Let    its      al  ■  tar  reach  the  skies, 
sliall  pre-vail,And  ev  -  'ry      schemeof  bondaKe  fail, 
guides  with  ease  The  happier  times  of  hon-  est  peace, 
changes  free,  Resolved  on     death  or    lilt     er   -  ty. 


Pg 


li»      : — 


■A- 


0^« 


''-tz*J' 


.^_«L 


:f3z:S= 


Chorus 


-r^^J-4- 


_, 1 — I — » — ^ — ^_j_a( — I — 


Firm,      u  -  ni  -  ted      let     us     be,      lial- lying  round  our  lib  -   er  -  ty! 


:=C: 


:rp: 


fe 


Wr 


»"--*^ 


\^r- 


^=i^a 


^-f^- 


As     a   band    of        brothers    joined.  Peace  and  safe  -  ty    we  shall  find. 


I 


— *- 


-•-J-* 


198 


THE    RED,  WHITE,  AND    BLUE. 

D.  T.  Shaw. 


1.  O     Co-lum-bia,the  gem  of  the  o-cean, 

2.  When  war  winged  its  wirte  desola-tion, 

3.  The     Un-ion,tlie  Un- ion  for-ev-er, 


M^z 


Tlie  home  of  the  brave  and  the 
And  tlireatened  the  land  to  de- 
Our   glo  -  ri-ousnation'ssweet 
-  -»-  -»- 


r-ru-' 


1^=:!: 


it=t: 


-r- 


»   - 


i?e: 


aH2 


^..J*- 


::|— 


-j:s=^.j^- 


free,..  The  slirine  of  each  pa- triofs  de -vo- lion, 
form,  .  The  arlc  then  of  freedom's  foun-da- tion, 
hymn; .    May  the  wreaths  it  has  won  nev  -  er  with  -  er, 


A 

Co     - 

Nor  the 


-•-^-jp*  - 


T~ 


l^ 


+— J^— I — I — I 
-1^* — I — \- 


S^.=F== 


world  offers  horn-age  to   thee. 
lum  -  hia.rode  safe  thro'the  storm; 
star   of    its     glo  -  ry  grow  dim! 


Thy     mandates  make  heroes  as  - 
With  her  gar-  lands  Of    vie -fry  a  - 
May  tlie  ser-  vice    u-  nit  -ed  ne'er 


Wz 


T 


r^t^ 


pztzti 


zt-tzz\z—t:^ 


m 


^E^ 


-Mzz 


i^rH- 


sem-  ble, 

round  her, 

sev  -  er. 


When  Lib  -  er  ■ 
When  so  proudly 
But    they    to 


ty's  form  stands  in  view: 
she  bore  her  brave  crew, 
her   col  -  ors  prove  true! 


Thy 

With  her 

The 


% 


THE  RED,  WHITE,  AND    BLUE. 


11>'.I 


n 


banners  make  tyranny  tremble. 
Hub  proudly  Iloating  be-fore  her, 
army  and  iia- vy  for-ev-er!  , 

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AUSTRIAN   NATIONAL   HYMN 
LAND   OF   GREATNESS HOME   OF   GLORY 

Land  of  gTcatness,  Home  of  gloiy, 
Miglity  l)irtli})lace  of  the  free, 

Famed  alike  in  soiio;  and  storv, 
All  thy  sons  shall  honor  thee! 

North  and  South  are  finnlv  Landed; 

East  and  West  as  one  unite ; 
All  Lv  honor  well  connnanded, 

Strong  in  striving  for  the  right. 

Homes  by  safe  defense  surrounded; 

Eights  whieh  make  our  freedom  sure, 
Laws  on  e(|ual  justice  founded,  — 

These  ^vill  loyalty  secure. 

While  with  love  and  zeal  unceasing, 
AVe  are  joining  heart  and  hand, 

Shine,  in  hrightness  yet  increasing, 
Shine,  0  dearest  Fatherland! 

—  A.    J.    FOXWELL. 

201 


202  NATIONAL   SONGS 

GERMAN   NATIONAL   SONG 
THE   WATCH   ON   THE   RHIN^B 

A  VOICE  resounds  like  tliuncler  peal, 
'Mid  dashing  wave  and  clang  of  steel ; 
"  The  Rhine,  the  Rhine,  the  German  Rhine ! 
Who  guards  to-daj  my  stream  divine  I " 

Chorus 
Dear  Fatherland !     No  danger  thine, 
Dear  Fatherland !     No  danger  thine ; 
Firm  stand  thy  sons  to  watch,  to  watch  the 

Rhine, 
Firm  stand  thy  sons  to  watch,  to  watch  the 

Rhine. 

They  stand  a  hundred  thousand  strong, 
Quick  to  avenge  their  country's  wrong ; 
With  filial  love  their  bosoms  swell ; 
They'll  guard  the  sacred  landmark  well. 

Cluyrus 

While  flows  one  drop  of  German  blood, 
Ol*  sword  remains  to  guard  thy  flood. 


rp 


KOKWKGIAN    NATloNAl.    it  V.M.N  203 

Wliilo  y'\i\v  rests  in  ))atri()t's  liand, 
No  foe  shall  tiL-ad  tli\   sacictl  strand, 

C/ion/s 

Our  oatli  resounds,  tlic  river  flows, 

In  li'olden  liiilit  our  l)aniier  jilows. 

Our  hearts  will  ouai-d  tliy  stream  divine, 

riie  Eliine,  the  lihine,  the  German  lihine! 

Chorus 

Max    ScHKECKEXBERGEa 

NORWEGIAN   NATIONAL   HYMN 
TEOrLE'S   SONG 

Yes,  we  love  Avith  fond  devotion, 
Norwav's  mountain  domes, 
Itishig  storm-lashed  o'er  the  ocean, 
With  their  thousand  homes ; 

Love  our  countrv  wliile  we're  bending 
Thoughts  to  Fathers  grand, 
And  to  Sao"a  ni^ht  that's  sendin<; 
Dreams  upon  our  land. 


204  NATIONAL   SONGS 

Peasants  all  their  axes  brightened, 
Eeady  for  the  foe ; 
Torden  skjold  in  battle  lightened, 
Set  the  land  aglow. 

Even  women  did  assemble 

On  the  bloody  plain, 

Others  could  but  weep  and  tremble,  — 

Yet  'twas  not  in  vain! 

—  B.   NOBDBAAK. 


NATIONAL  HYMN   OF   HOLLAND 
LET  HIM  IN  WHOM  OLD  DUTCH  BLOOD  FLOWS 

Let  him  in  whom  old  Dutch  blood  flows, 

Untainted,  free  and  strong; 
Whose  heart  for  Prince  and  country  glows. 

Now  join  us  in  our  song! 

Let  him  with  us  lift  up  his  voice, 

And  sing  in  patriot  band 
The  song  at  which  all  hearts  rejoice, 

For  Prince  and  Fatherland  I 


NATIONAL   JIV.MX    OF   hWKDEN  205 

Wc  LrotluTS  true  unto  a  man, 

Will  sini;-  the  old  song-  yet; 
Away  with  him  who  ever  can 

His  Prince  or  land  forget! 

A  human  heart  glow'd  in  him  neVr, 

We  turn  him  from  our  band. 
Who  callous  hears  the  song  and  prayer. 

For  Prince  and  Fatherland ! 


NATIONAL  HYMN   OF  SWEDEN 

IN   EUNIC   MEASUKB 

In  Eunic  measure, 

Full  and  strong, 

Let  heart  and  voice  unite  in  song, 

To  hail  our  Swedish  King. 

To  thee,  and  to  thv  roval  line, 
Our  /A'al,  our  love  shall  e'er  incline, 
So  britrht  thv  kinodv  crown  doth  shine, 
Great  Oscar,  we  shig. 


206  NATIONAL   SONGS 

0  King,  entliron'd  in  majesty, 
Let  thine  the  truest  gloiy  be, 
For  Sweden's  weal  to  reifrn. 

Then  heav'n  thy  empire  shall  assure, 
Who  shields  the  state,  and  guards  the  poor, 
Full  long  in  pow'r  shoU  he  endure. 
And  foes  assault  in  vain, 

—  0.    LiNDBLAD. 


Baker  and  Carpenter  Language  Readers 

LEADING   FEATURES 

1.  Teachers  agree  as  to  the  value  of  good  literature  as  the  basis 
of  the  Knulish  work.  Hut  the  classics  are  often  either  not  related 
at  all  tcj  the  work  in  expression,  or  the  relationship  is  indicated  in 
a  vaj;ue  and  desultory  fashion. 

The  Language  Readers  make  the  relationship  close  and  vital, 
without  rendering  tlie  work  in  expression  pedantic,  or  killing  the 
enjoyment  of  the  reading. 

2.  Each  Reader  has  some  dominating  interest  in  its  subject- 
matter. 

In  the  first  two  books,  where  the  main  problem  is  to  teach  the 
beeinninss  of  reading,  much  must  be  sacrificed  to  interest  and  sim- 
plicitv,  and  these  hooks  deal  with  simple  story  and  poetry,  mostly  of 
folk-lore  and  child-life. 

In  the  third  book,  the  dominant  element  is  the  fairy  story  and 
the  folk-tale. 

In  the  fourth  book,  the  animal-story  and  the  tale  of  adventure 
are  given  the  leading  place. 

In  the  fifth  book,  the  great  myths  of  the  world,  the  hero-stories 
of  the  nations,  arc  retold. 

In  the  sixth  book,  a  selection  of  stories,  poems,  and  essays  serve 
as  an  introduction  to  general  literature. 

3.  The  standards  of  good  literature  and  the  interests  of  the 
normal  child  have  been  kept  in  mind. 

Great  care  has  been  taken  that  the  books  shall  be  good  readers, 
independent  of  the  language  work  introduced. 

The  language  work  has  been  so  handled  as  not  to  make  it  ob- 
trusive in  appearance  or  impertinent  in  comment. 

4.  In  grading  the  reading  and  language  work,  the  editors  have 
had  the  assistance  of  able  and  experienced  teichers  from  both  public 
and  private  schools. 

5.  Illustrations  have  been  freely  used. 

Color  work  —  by  the  newer  processes  —  adds  special  charm  to 

the  four  lower  books. 


THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY 
64-66  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York 

BOSTON  CHICAGO  SAN   FRANCISCO  ATLANTA 


BAKER  AND  CARPENTER 
LANGUAGE  READER  SERIES 

First  Year  Language  Reader 

By  Franklin  T.  Baker,  Professor  of  the  English  Language  and 
Literature  in  Teachers  College;  George  R.  Carpenter,  Professor 
of  Rhetoric  and  English  Composition  in  Columbia  University; 
and  Miss  Katherine  B.  Owen,  Instructor  in  the  Charlton 
School,  New  York  City,     152  pages,  25  cents  net. 

Second  Year  Language  Reader 

By  Franklin  T.  Baker,  Geofge  R.  Carpenter,  and  Miss  Kath- 
erine B.  Owen.     165  pages,  30  cents  net. 

Third  Year  Language  Reader 

By  Franklin  T.  Baker,  George  R.  Carpenter,  and  Miss  Mary 

E.  Brooks,  Supervisor  of  Primary  Work  in  Brooklyn.     300  pages, 
40  cents  net. 

Fourth  Year  Language  Reader 

By  Franklin  T.  Baker,  George  R.  Carpenter,  and  Miss  Ida  E. 
RoBBiNS,  Instructor  in  Horace  Mann  School,  New  York  City. 
359  pages,  40  cents  net. 

Fifth  Year  Language  Reader 

By  Franklin  T.  Baker,  George  R.  Carpenter,  and  Miss  Mary 

F.  KiRCHWEY,  Instructor  in  Horace  Mann  School,  New  York  City. 
492  pages,  45  cents  net. 

Sixth  Year  Language  Reader 

By  Franklin  T.  Baker,  George  R.  Carpenter,  and  Miss  Jennie  F. 
Owens,  Instructor  in  Jersey  City  Training  School.  505  pages, 
50  cents  net. 

Each  'Volume  t2mo.     Cloth 


The  distinctive  feature  of  the  Language  Reader  Series  is 
that  it  includes  in  one  book  for  each  of  the  first  six  grades  all 
the  work  in  English  needed  for  the  grade,  except  the  supple- 
mentary reading. 

THE   MACMILLAN   COMPANY 

64-66  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York 

BOSTON  CHICAGO  SAN  FRANCISCO  ATLANTA 


1 


D »  «% 


This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 


URL    MAR  19  1973  iBdE^Qim 

fi£C'D  LD   MAR  1  7  73  'W  AM  6 

MWa7W3 


Form  L-9-10m-5,'28 


3    1158   00668    1083 


1 


I  ir  c;ni  rrHFR-.  RFninr.ii  i  ibrafti'  'Jrirr 


AA    000  352  646    4 


UBtARy 


